Egyptian Lore Discussions - Temple Illuminatus
2024-03-29T08:39:39Z
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This Forgotten Egyptian Dish Reveals Early Astronomical Symbols of Key Constellations
tag:templeilluminatus.ning.com,2023-01-24:6363372:Topic:3631028
2023-01-24T02:06:31.434Z
Arachnifauna
https://templeilluminatus.ning.com/profile/Arachnifauna
<p><a href="https://www.ancientoriginsunleashed.com/p/this-forgotten-egyptian-dish-reveals?utm_source=post-email-title&publication_id=1035345&post_id=95971217&isFreemail=true&utm_medium=email">https://www.ancientoriginsunleashed.com/p/this-forgotten-egyptian-dish-reveals?utm_source=post-email-title&publication_id=1035345&post_id=95971217&isFreemail=true&utm_medium=email…</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.ancientoriginsunleashed.com/p/this-forgotten-egyptian-dish-reveals?utm_source=post-email-title&publication_id=1035345&post_id=95971217&isFreemail=true&utm_medium=email">https://www.ancientoriginsunleashed.com/p/this-forgotten-egyptian-dish-reveals?utm_source=post-email-title&publication_id=1035345&post_id=95971217&isFreemail=true&utm_medium=email</a></p>
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<div class=""><div class="available-content"><div dir="auto" class="body markup"><div class="captioned-image-container"><div class="image2-inset"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F08d5e2f9-2718-401d-94bb-7606073706d0_1200x630.jpeg" width="1200" height="630" class="sizing-normal" alt="This Forgotten Egyptian Dish Reveals Early Astronomical Symbols of Key Constellations" title="This Forgotten Egyptian Dish Reveals Early Astronomical Symbols of Key Constellations"/><div class="image-link-expand"></div>
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<p>While traveling in Egypt for my studies, I came across a unique artifact in the Nubian Museum in Aswan. It was a dish which had not been recognized for the important information it holds. As soon as I saw it in 2008, I immediately understood that I had found myself in front of an "astronomical-mythological" object of enormous value.</p>
<p>The object goes unrecognized even today - not only among archaeologists, but also from my own colleagues who work with ancient knowledge and sacred science - simply because the discovery is unknown.</p>
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<div class="captioned-image-container"><div class="image2-inset"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff8f845af-7538-479a-a4cd-684f3e3913d8_700x650.jpeg" width="700" height="650" class="sizing-normal" alt="The Egyptian dish. © Adriano Forgione" title="The Egyptian dish. © Adriano Forgione"/><div class="image-link-expand"></div>
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<em>The Egyptian dish. © Adriano Forgione</em><br/></div>
<h2 class="header-with-anchor-widget"><strong>Orion and the Pharaoh: Divine Hunters</strong></h2>
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<p>Let me introduce the artifact’s key image: Orion is known by the ancients as the constellation of the "Heavenly Hunter." Sometimes the hunter is depicted with a club, but more often with a bow, and sometimes he is also shown with a lion skin. The posture this constellation assumes in the sky perfectly matches that of the Egyptian pharaoh when he was depicted as the “Divine Warrior” and “Egypt’s Divine Defender”. There is a parallel between the lines that form the silhouette of this constellation and the pharaoh's profile in the earliest dynasties (for example, in the Narmer tablet).</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.net/opinion-guest-authors/elusive-egyptian-hall-records-and-hopi-lessons-death-and-rebirth-006616" rel="">The Elusive Egyptian Hall of Records and Hopi Lessons of Death and Rebirth</a></strong></p>
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<li><p><strong><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-africa-opinion-guest-authors/mirrors-orion-star-knowledge-ancient-world-03988" rel="">Mirrors of Orion: Star Knowledge of the Ancient World – An Introduction</a></strong></p>
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<li><p><strong><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.net/opinion/did-ancient-egyptians-know-distance-between-inner-planets-001841" rel="">Did the Ancient Egyptians know the Distance between the Inner Planets?</a></strong></p>
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<div class="captioned-image-container"><div class="image2-inset"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9a6414d0-bdf9-48c0-82bc-91546ecdf8aa_440x700.jpeg" width="440" height="700" class="sizing-normal" alt="The Narmer palette. © Adriano Forgione" title="The Narmer palette. © Adriano Forgione"/><div class="image-link-expand"></div>
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<em>The Narmer palette. © Adriano Forgione</em><br/></div>
<p>In fact, this representation is found on outer temple pillars until the Ptolemaic era. It is an artistic canon representing the form as a divine concept. The temple was a sacred place and house for cosmic order. Therefore, the Pharaoh/Orion, as the "Heavenly Hunter" of demons, protected the sacred place from disorder or chaos. Egypt’s enemies were, therefore, only a metaphor for forces opposing the divine spiritual and light forces - and not merely propaganda, as Egyptologists erroneously interpret.</p>
<p>One can find more ancient representations and relationships between Orion and the Great Hunter/Archer of Egyptian mythology in the dish from the Pre-dynastic period (dating back to 3500 BC) in the Museum of Aswan. This suggests that the connection could even go back to Egyptian prehistory.</p>
<h2 class="header-with-anchor-widget"><strong>Depictions of Canis Major, Canis Minor, and the Hare</strong></h2>
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<p>The dish may show that prehistoric Egyptians already depicted the constellations now known as Orion the Hunter, the Hare, Canis Major, and Canis Minor with their ancient symbols. This would mean they were not Greek, but of Egyptian origin.</p>
<div class="captioned-image-container"><div class="image2-inset"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F66499188-2061-416b-98ba-86298e7de7dc_610x466.jpeg" width="610" height="466" class="sizing-normal" alt="The Narmer palette. © Adriano Forgione" title="The Narmer palette. © Adriano Forgione"/><div class="image-link-expand"></div>
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<em>The Narmer palette. © Adriano Forgionec © Adriano Forgione</em><br/></div>
<p>Proof for this connection, as I read it in the dish, is the depiction of a hunter with a bow and arrows, in the same posture that is recognized as the “symbol of Orion.” To the left of the hunter there is a dog, exactly where the constellation "Canis Minor" is seen in the sky. But according to mythology, and also in astronomy, there are two dogs following Orion in his hunt. The second is Canis Major, where Sirius, (called the "Dog Star”) chased the constellation of the "Hare" just under Orion’s feet.</p>
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<li><p><strong><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.net/opinion-guest-authors/visoko-astronomical-map-more-100000-years-003215" rel="">Visoko: An Astronomical Map of More than 100,000 Years</a></strong></p>
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<li><p><strong><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends/royal-road-king-world-and-ancient-center-earth-005162" rel="">The Royal Road of the King of the World, and the Ancient Center of the Earth</a></strong></p>
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<li><p><strong><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.net/opinion-guest-authors/unraveling-mystery-great-pyramid-air-shafts-006602" rel="">Unraveling the Mystery of the Great Pyramid Air-Shafts</a></strong></p>
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<p>Everything is portrayed perfectly in this ancient dish, which was, in my opinion, a ritual object. Some might ask: and what about the leopard skin to the right? Here is an explanation: Orion, as a hunter of predators and beasts is also associated with a lion skin. According to the Greeks, he is an archetype of the one who shot down bestial strength and the darkness that it symbolizes (just like Hercules or Gilgamesh). But we know that for the ancient Egyptians, the symbol of the dominion of brutality was not associated with a lion, but with the leopard (Leo-Pardus, the Heavenly Lion) instead – and that animal’s skin was used to dress the priests and other important officials.</p>
<div class="captioned-image-container"><div class="image2-inset"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8ff6a5d1-f9c3-4d65-b5f3-edc80ba17520_610x402.jpeg" width="610" height="402" class="sizing-normal" alt="Ay as Sem Priest in tomb of King Tutankhamun. " title="Ay as Sem Priest in tomb of King Tutankhamun. "/><div class="image-link-expand"></div>
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<em><span>Ay as Sem Priest in tomb of King Tutankhamun. (Lucas/ </span><strong><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ancientartpodcast/6886571176" rel="">CC BY NC SA 2.0<span> </span></a></strong><span>) Note the leopard skin the priest is wearing.</span></em><br/></div>
<h2 class="header-with-anchor-widget"><strong>Recognizing Egypt’s Astronomical Knowledge</strong></h2>
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<p>Therefore, I am sure that this marvelous object, completely an anonymously provides proof of the distant and ancient origins of Egyptian astronomical knowledge (later transposed in the Book of the Dead). It also provides an indication that the constellations which we call today the "Heavenly Hunter/Orion", "Canis Major", "Canis Minor," and the "Hare", should have their origin and names thanks to prehistoric Egyptians. Only thousands of years later was this knowledge passed to the Greeks, and eventually to the rest of the world.</p>
<div class="captioned-image-container"><div class="image2-inset"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa668fe13-a678-45c9-96e1-4047683e97bc_610x491.jpeg" width="610" height="491" class="sizing-normal" alt="Representations of ‘The Orion Entourage’ created using Stellarium." title="Representations of ‘The Orion Entourage’ created using Stellarium."/><div class="image-link-expand"></div>
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<em><span>Representations of ‘T he Orion Entourage’ created using Stellarium. ( </span><strong><a href="https://bobmoler.wordpress.com/tag/canis-major/" rel="">Bob Moler<span> </span></a></strong><span>)</span></em><br/></div>
<p><em><span>Top Image: T he Orion constellation showing the surrounding nebulas of the Orion Molecular Cloud complex. (Rogelio Bernal Andreo/ </span><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orion_Head_to_Toe.jpg" rel="">CC BY SA 3.0<span> </span></a></strong><span>)</span></em><span> </span><em>Detail: The Egyptian dish. © Adriano Forgione</em></p>
<p><span>By </span><strong><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.net/users/adriano-forgione" rel="">Adriano Forgione</a></strong></p>
<p><em>Adriano Forgione is Director of the Italian Ancient Mysteries magazine FENIX. He is an expert in ancient symbolism and sacred science.</em></p>
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Expert French Egyptologist Defends that Nefertiti's Mummy is Actually that of the "Young Lady"
tag:templeilluminatus.ning.com,2021-03-13:6363372:Topic:3585604
2021-03-13T06:37:06.294Z
Arachnifauna
https://templeilluminatus.ning.com/profile/Arachnifauna
<p><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.es/noticias-historia-arqueologia/experto-egipt%C3%B3logo-franc%C3%A9s-defiende-que-la-momia-nefertiti-es-realidad-la-la-%E2%80%9Cdama-joven%E2%80%9D-002967">https://www.ancient-origins.es/noticias-historia-arqueologia/experto-egipt%C3%B3logo-franc%C3%A9s-defiende-que-la-momia-nefertiti-es-realidad-la-la-%E2%80%9Cdama-joven%E2%80%9D-002967…</a></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.es/noticias-historia-arqueologia/experto-egipt%C3%B3logo-franc%C3%A9s-defiende-que-la-momia-nefertiti-es-realidad-la-la-%E2%80%9Cdama-joven%E2%80%9D-002967">https://www.ancient-origins.es/noticias-historia-arqueologia/experto-egipt%C3%B3logo-franc%C3%A9s-defiende-que-la-momia-nefertiti-es-realidad-la-la-%E2%80%9Cdama-joven%E2%80%9D-002967</a></p>
<div class="field-image"><div class="field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.es/sites/default/files/field/image/Portada-Dama-Joven-Nefertiti.jpg" title="Cover-Front view of the mummy of the "Young Lady". (Wikimedia Commons)" class="colorbox init-colorbox-processed cboxElement"><span><img src="https://www.ancient-origins.es/sites/default/files/field/image/Portada-Dama-Joven-Nefertiti.jpg" width="1000" height="732" alt="Cover-Front view of the mummy of the "Young Lady". (Wikimedia Commons)" title=""/></span></a></div>
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<div class="node-content-wrapper"><div class="submitted"><span class="date"><span><font>SEPTEMBER 29, 2015 - 14:47<span> </span></font></span></span><span><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.es/users/green-fairy" title="View user profile." class="username" xml:lang=""><span><font>GREEN FAIRY</font></span></a></span></div>
<div class="content"><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><font>The French Egyptologist Marc Gabolde, a specialist in the 18th Dynasty and in the Amanian period Egyptians, maintains that the mummy known as the "Young Lady" discovered a century ago, is actually that of the famous and much sought after Queen Nefertiti.</font></p>
<p><font>Since yesterday, Monday<span> </span>, the British researcher<span> </span><a href="http://www.nicholasreeves.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Nicholas Reeves</a><span> </span>has been in<span> </span></font><a href="http://es.egypt.travel/city/index/luxor" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Luxor</font></a><font><span> </span>, as we had announced<span> </span></font><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.es/noticias-historia-arqueologia/cuenta-atr%C3%A1s-para-la-b%C3%BAsqueda-la-tumba-nefertiti-002942" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>in Ancient-Origins</font></a><font><span> </span>.<span> </span>Reeves assures that<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.es/noticias-historia-arqueologia/el-gobierno-egipcio-cierra-al-p%C3%BAblico-la-tumba-tutankam%C3%B3n-para-iniciar-su-restauraci%C3%B3n-002939" target="_blank" rel="noopener">inside the tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun</a><span> </span>, discovered by<span> </span><a href="http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/c/carter.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Howard Carter</a><span> </span>93 years ago, there is access to a secret chamber where the long-sought<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.es/noticias-historia-arqueologia/la-tumba-la-reina-nefertiti-podr%C3%AD-hallarse-tras-los-muros-la-c%C3%A1mara-funeraria-tutankam%C3%B3n-002820" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tomb of the beautiful Nefertiti would be found</a><span> </span>.<span> </span>The renowned Egyptologist, a member of the<span> </span><a href="http://www.arizona.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">University of Arizona</a><span> </span>, claims to have reached this conclusion after observing high-resolution images of the crypt of the so-called “<span> </span><em>pharaoh-child</em></font><a href="http://www.nicholasreeves.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.es/noticias-historia-arqueologia/el-gobierno-egipcio-cierra-al-p%C3%BAblico-la-tumba-tutankam%C3%B3n-para-iniciar-su-restauraci%C3%B3n-002939" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a><a href="http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/c/carter.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.es/noticias-historia-arqueologia/la-tumba-la-reina-nefertiti-podr%C3%AD-hallarse-tras-los-muros-la-c%C3%A1mara-funeraria-tutankam%C3%B3n-002820" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a><a href="http://www.arizona.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"></a><font>”In which you can see some fine indentations that would correspond to the sealed entrance of a hidden chamber.<span> </span>A secret room in which the mortal remains of the wife of the revolutionary<span> </span></font><a href="http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/a/akenaton.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Pharaoh Akhenaten would</font></a><font><span> </span>rest<span> </span>.<span> </span>These images, taken by the Spanish company<span> </span></font><a href="http://www.factum-arte.com/es/inicio" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Factum Arte</font></a><font><span> </span>, were necessary to build the digital reproduction of Tutankhamun's tomb.</font></p>
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<p><font>However, for<span> </span></font><a href="http://www.montpellier-egyptologie.fr/marc-gabolde" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Marc Gabolde</font></a><font><span> </span>, a French Egyptologist specializing in the <span> </span></font><a href="http://www.artehistoria.com/v2/contextos/213.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Eighteenth Dynasty</font></a><font><span> </span>and<span> </span></font><a href="http://html.rincondelvago.com/amarna.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>the</font></a><font><span> </span>Egyptian<span> </span><a href="http://html.rincondelvago.com/amarna.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Amanian period</a><span> </span>, the mummy of Nefertiti was discovered a century ago in the<span> </span></font><a href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/historia/grandes_reportajes/7463/valle_los_reyes.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Valley of the Kings</font></a><font><span> </span>by<span> </span></font><a href="http://www.victor-loret.mom.fr/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Victor Loret,</font></a><font><span> </span>also a Frenchman<span> </span>.<span> </span>A mummy that would currently be in the<span> </span></font><a href="http://www.sca-egypt.org/eng/MUS_Egyptian_Museum.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Egyptian Museum in Cairo</font></a><font><span> </span>and is known as the<span> </span></font><em><font>Young Lady</font></em><font><span> </span>or<span> </span></font><em><font>KV35YL mummy</font></em><font><span> </span>.</font></p>
<p align="center"><img alt="Limestone relief that was probably part of a family worship altar. Akhenaten holds his first-born Meritaton in his arms and, in front of them both, Nefertiti holds Meketaton, his second daughter -who would die prematurely- in his lap and his third daughter Anjesenpaatón, who would later marry Tutankhamun, on his left shoulder. Berlin Museum. (Wikimedia Commons)" class="media-image cboxElement" height="525" width="700" src="https://www.ancient-origins.es/sites/default/files/image003_119.jpg"/></p>
<p align="center"><em><font>Limestone relief that was probably part of a family worship altar. </font></em><em><font>Akhenaten holds his first-born Meritaton in his arms and, in front of them both, Nefertiti holds Meketaton, his second daughter -who would die prematurely- in his lap and his third daughter Anjesenpaatón, who would later marry Tutankhamun, on his left shoulder<span> </span></font></em><em><font>.<span> </span>Berlin Museum.<span> </span>(<span> </span></font></em><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiti_and_their_children.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><font>Wikimedia Commons</font></em></a><em><font><span> </span>)</font></em></p>
<p><span><strong><font>Smaller than usual royal tombs</font></strong></span></p>
<p><font>In<span> </span></font><a href="http://www.abc.es/cultura/20150929/abci-camara-secreta-tumba-tutankamon-201509281011.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>statements to the Spanish newspaper ABC</font></a><font><span> </span>, Gabolde states that affirming that there are two other chambers in the tomb of Tutankhamun "<span> </span></font><em><font>does not have anything" crazy "a priori</font></em><font><span> </span>", in view of <span> </span></font><a href="http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/atlas/index_kv.asp?tombID=undefined" target="_blank" title="other royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings" rel="noopener"><font>other royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings such</font></a><font><span> </span> as those of<span> </span></font><a href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/historia/secciones/7852/amenhotep_ii_conquistador_implacable.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Amenhotep II</font></a><font><span> </span>(KV 35),<span> </span></font><a href="http://www.egiptoaldescubierto.com/personajes/tutmosis4/tutmosis4.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Tuthmosis IV</font></a><font><span> </span>(KV 43) and<span> </span></font><a href="http://www.egiptoaldescubierto.com/personajes/amenhotep3/amenhotep3.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Amenhotep III</font></a><font><span> </span>(WV 22) and even that of<span> </span></font><a href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/historia/grandes_reportajes/10040/horemheb.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Horemheb</font></a><font><span> </span>(KV 57).<span> </span>However, he also believes that the fact that Tutankhamun's burial chamber is noticeably smaller simply indicates that the actual dimensions were given up and a '<span> </span><em>more fair</em><span> </span>chamber was excavated<span> </span></font><em><font>.</font></em><font>»For Tutankamon.<span> </span>It is not surprising therefore that, given this economy, the four secondary chambers were reduced to two.<span> </span>"<span> </span></font><em><font>It is nothing absolutely abnormal,</font></em><font><span> </span>" says this scholar, a member of the<span> </span></font><a href="http://www.umontpellier.fr/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>University of Montpellier</font></a><font><span> </span>.</font></p>
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<p><font>The researcher also explains that there are other tombs of Egyptian pharaohs such as that of<span> </span></font><a href="http://www.egiptoforo.com/antiguo/Ay_-_Faraones_egipcios" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Ay</font></a><font><span> </span>, Tutankhamun's successor, in which not all the attached chambers were excavated, and also recalls how when<span> </span></font><a href="http://www.ecured.cu/index.php/Rams%C3%A9s_I" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Ramses I</font></a><font><span> </span>died<span> </span>the second ramp corridor of his grave.<span> </span>In fact, his son '<span> </span></font><a href="http://www.egiptoaldescubierto.com/personajes/seti1/seti1.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><font>Seti I</font></em></a><em><font><span> </span>simply had this corridor widened to constitute a burial chamber provided with 2 and a half annexes and not the four required, renouncing, as in those of Ay and Tutankhamun, its excavation.<span> </span>If time lacks, the excavation of all the annexed areas does not seem a priority.<span> </span>If we take all this into account, the presence of supplementary cameras in Tutankhamun's tomb is less "obligatory" than what Reeves suggests.</font></em><font>», Clarifies Gabolde.</font></p>
<p><font>Nor, according to Gabolde, would the marks found by Reeves necessarily have to be traces of sealed doors: 'they<span> </span></font><em><font>could be joint marks of two teams of carvers</font></em><font><span> </span>' or'<span> </span></font><em><font>have been part of a project to excavate supplementary chambers, hastily abandoned, with cracks that were hastily plugged.<span> </span>I sincerely hope that Reeves is partially right and that he finds a sealed room with the remains of the pharaoh queen behind the paintings "because" it might clarify the identity of <span> </span></font></em><a href="http://www.abc.es/20120702/cultura/abci-nefertiti-tutankamon-201207021157.html" target="_blank" title="the pharaoh queen" rel="noopener"><em><font>the pharaoh queen</font></em></a><font><span> </span>. "<span> </span>This one, however, <span> </span></font><strong><font>"<span> </span></font></strong><em><font>is more likely to be Meritatón than Nefertiti,<span> </span></font></em><strong><font>"</font></strong><font><span> </span>the Egyptologist expert highlighted in his statements published on<span> </span></font><em><font>ABC.</font></em></p>
<p><img alt="Plan, elevation and isometry images of tomb KV57 belonging to Horemheb made from a three-dimensional model. (Wikimedia Commons)" class="media-image cboxElement" height="850" width="729" src="https://www.ancient-origins.es/sites/default/files/KV57_Horemheb%20PUBLICAR.jpg"/></p>
<p align="center"><em><font>Isometry, plan and elevation images of tomb KV57 belonging to Horemheb made from a three-dimensional model.<span> </span>(<span> </span></font></em><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/KV57_Horemheb.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><font>Wikimedia Commons</font></em></a><em><font><span> </span>)</font></em></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.es/noticias-historia-arqueologia/la-tumba-la-reina-nefertiti-podr%C3%AD-hallarse-tras-los-muros-la-c%C3%A1mara-funeraria-tutankam%C3%B3n-002820#sthash.Dplotydm.dpuf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Queen Nefertiti's Tomb Could Be Found Behind the Walls of Tutankhamun's Burial Chamber</font></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.es/noticias-historia-arqueologia/cuenta-atr%C3%A1s-para-la-b%C3%BAsqueda-la-tumba-nefertiti-002942#sthash.t2Una0A9.dpuf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Countdown to the Search for the Tomb of Nefertiti</font></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.es/noticias-historia-arqueologia/el-gobierno-egipcio-cierra-al-p%C3%BAblico-la-tumba-tutankam%C3%B3n-para-iniciar-su-restauraci%C3%B3n-002939#sthash.V2XOMBHq.dpuf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>The Egyptian Government Closes the Tomb of Tutankhamun to the Public to Begin Restoration</font></a></li>
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<p><span><strong><font>The Young Lady</font></strong></span></p>
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<p><font>In September 2010, <span> </span></font><a href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>National Geographic </font></a><font><span> </span>released the results of an investigation carried out by an interdisciplinary team led by the famous and controversial Egyptologist<span> </span></font><a href="http://www.drhawass.com/wp/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Zahi Hawass</font></a><font><span> </span>.<span> </span>With her it was verified, by means of DNA tests, that the mummies of the KV35 were, in fact, the grandmother and the mother of Tutankhamun.</font></p>
<p><font>Marc Gabolde believes that the mummy that those studies identified as that of Tutankhamun's mother - or<span> </span></font><em><font>Young Lady</font></em><font><span> </span>- is actually the mummy of Queen Nefertiti: «<span> </span></font><em><font>Nefertiti was Akhenaten's first cousin, both by paternal and maternal descent and is identical to the KV35YL mummy.<span> </span>She is the mother of Tutankhamun</font></em><font><span> </span>.</font></p>
<p><font>According to the <span> </span></font><a href="http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/revue/2013/10/Gabolde_ENIM6_p177-203.pdf" target="_blank" title="French Egyptologist hypothesis" rel="noopener"><font>French Egyptologist's hypothesis</font></a><font><span> </span>, the strong inbreeding would have meant that "the genetic mix would have been quite weak, which would explain why the genetic patrimonies of Akhenaten and Nefertiti had the appearance of a brother and a sister."</font></p>
<p><img alt="Profile photograph of the mummy of the Young Lady which, according to genetic studies, would correspond to Tutankhamun's mother. According to Marc Gabolde it is the mummy of Nefertiti. (Wikimedia Commons)" class="media-image cboxElement" height="800" width="424" src="https://www.ancient-origins.es/sites/default/files/image007_82.jpg"/></p>
<p align="center"><em><font>Profile photograph of the mummy of the Young Lady which, according to genetic studies, would correspond to Tutankhamun's mother.<span> </span>According to Marc Gabolde it is the mummy of Nefertiti.<span> </span>(<span> </span></font></em><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/TheYoungerLady-61072-RightProfileView-PlateXCIX-TheRoyalMummies-1912.gif" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><font>Wikimedia Commons</font></em></a><em><font><span> </span>)</font></em></p>
<p><font>Gabolde indicates in his latest book, centered on the figure of Tutankhamun, that Nefertiti would have died a few months before her husband "without ever having been 'pharaoh'."<span> </span>It would not have been she who reigned in Egypt between Akhenaten and Tutankhamen, but<span> </span></font><a href="http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/meritaton" target="_blank" title="Meritaton" rel="noopener"><font>Meritaton </font></a><font><span> </span>, the eldest of the six daughters born of the marriage between Nefertiti and Akhenaten, would have done.</font></p>
<p><font>"<span> </span></font><em><font>Reinforced by her prestigious ancestry and by the fact that she had been<span> </span>her father's<span> </span></font><strong><font> '</font></strong><font><span> </span>great royal wife<span> </span><strong>'</strong><span> </span>for some months<span> </span>-probably in a purely honorary capacity after Nefertiti's death-, Meritatón reigned for about two full years</font></em><font><span> </span>," says Gabolde.<span> </span>The tomb of Akhenaten's firstborn has not yet been discovered.</font></p>
<p><font>Absolutely exciting and interesting hypotheses, studies and opinions that, perhaps, in a matter of hours, will collapse if the British Nicholas Reeves is right and behind the walls of the tomb of Tutankhamun finds the mortal remains of Nefertiti.</font></p>
<p align="center"><img alt="Bust of Meritatón, daughter of Nefertiti and Akhenaten and Great Royal Wife of the XVIII Dynasty. Louvre Museum, Paris. (Wikimedia Commons)" class="media-image cboxElement" height="800" width="545" src="https://www.ancient-origins.es/sites/default/files/image008_83.jpg"/></p>
<p align="center"><em><font>Bust of Meritatón, daughter of Nefertiti and Akhenaten and Great Royal Wife of the XVIII Dynasty.<span> </span>Louvre Museum, Paris.<span> </span>(<span> </span></font></em><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Egypte_louvre_169_buste_de_femme.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><font>Wikimedia Commons</font></em></a><em><font><span> </span>)</font></em></p>
<p><em><font>Top image: Front view of the “Young Lady” mummy.<span> </span>(<span> </span></font></em><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/TheYoungerLady-61072-FrontView-PlateXCIX-TheRoyalMummies-1912.gif" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em><font>Wikimedia Commons</font></em></a><em><font><span> </span>)</font></em></p>
<p><font>Author:<span> </span></font><a href="https://www.ancient-origins.es/users/green-fairy" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><font>Mariló TA</font></a></p>
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TRACING THE ORIGINS OF THE BLACK CAT
tag:templeilluminatus.ning.com,2021-03-11:6363372:Topic:3585333
2021-03-11T04:37:42.652Z
Arachnifauna
https://templeilluminatus.ning.com/profile/Arachnifauna
<p><a href="https://www.spiritualunite.com/articles/black-cat-totem/">https://www.spiritualunite.com/articles/black-cat-totem/</a><img src="https://www.spiritualunite.com/articles/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Misconception_Black_Cats_850-e1530565621360.jpg.webp"></img></p>
<p>Black cats have been the centre of controversy, superstition and<span> </span><a href="http://www.spiritualunite.com/articles/cat-symbolism/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">symbolism</a><span> </span>since ancient times.</p>
<p>So, in this article, I’m going to reveal the truth about black cats and the healing effects of them in…</p>
<p><a href="https://www.spiritualunite.com/articles/black-cat-totem/">https://www.spiritualunite.com/articles/black-cat-totem/</a><img src="https://www.spiritualunite.com/articles/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Misconception_Black_Cats_850-e1530565621360.jpg.webp"/></p>
<p>Black cats have been the centre of controversy, superstition and<span> </span><a href="http://www.spiritualunite.com/articles/cat-symbolism/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">symbolism</a><span> </span>since ancient times.</p>
<p>So, in this article, I’m going to reveal the truth about black cats and the healing effects of them in spirituality.</p>
<p>So are cats on the side of good or are they the harbingers of bad luck? Well, it all depends on your beliefs and the culture you follow.</p>
<p>People, in olden times, used to consider<span> </span><a href="http://www.spiritualunite.com/articles/spiritual-meaning-of-seeing-a-black-cat/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">black cats as pets</a><span> </span>or family members of sinister witches.</p>
<p>Pagans were over-reliant on the powers of witchcraft and often had associations with black cats.</p>
<p>Some people also believed that the sacrifice of a black cat was an essential ritual in witchcraft.</p>
<p>After Christianity became prevalent, people started to hunt older women who were allegedly involved in witchcraft practices.</p>
<div class="code-block code-block-13"><div class="crp_related crp_related_shortcode"><h4>Related Posts:</h4>
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<li><a href="https://www.spiritualunite.com/articles/black-cat-symbolism-what-does-it-mean/" rel="nofollow" class="crp_link post-16837"><span class="crp_title">Black Cat Symbolism | What Does It Mean?</span></a></li>
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<p>These women lived like hermits, with cats as their only companions. They were blamed for any tragedy that befell on a neighbouring village, especially if they had a black pet cat.</p>
<p>Many people also believe that a person’s death is inevitable if his or her deathbed has a black cat sitting on it.</p>
<p>But, after the age of enlightenment, all these myths and mysteries were debunked.</p>
<p>Nowadays, you can adopt black cats from your local shelter, and no one will denounce you of witchcraft.</p>
<p>In spirituality, however, black cats hold a special place. They are considered as kindred spirits with immaculate healing powers.</p>
<h2>Black cats in ancient Egypt</h2>
<p>The God of Sun Ra had a celestial cat that battled ferociously against the darkness of the night. Egyptians used to treat black cats as royalty.</p>
<p>A cemetery discovered by archaeologists contained thousands of mummified cats. In Egyptian law, killing a black cat was punishable by death.</p>
<p>The Egyptians held the black cat in high esteem. They thought it had the ability to navigate the Night with profound mastery. Some even deemed it as a creature of afterlife.</p>
<p>In some countries, a bypassing black cat is supposed to bring you good luck.</p>
<p>A Finnish superstition claims that black cats the carrier of souls to the afterlife.</p>
<p>The Celts believed black cats were oracles, who could predict and prophesize with uncanny accuracy.</p>
<div class="code-block code-block-8"><div class="crp_related crp_related_shortcode"><h4>Related Posts:</h4>
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<li><a href="https://www.spiritualunite.com/articles/spiritual-meaning-of-seeing-a-black-cat/" rel="nofollow" class="crp_link post-15437"><span class="crp_title">Spiritual Meaning of Seeing a Black Cat</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.spiritualunite.com/articles/black-cat-symbolism-what-does-it-mean/" rel="nofollow" class="crp_link post-16837"><span class="crp_title">Black Cat Symbolism | What Does It Mean?</span></a></li>
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<p>So, in the end, it all depends on the culture you follow. But if you’re a spiritual person, you’d like to read the next thing I’m going to elaborate on.</p>
<h2>Black Cats in spirituality and totem</h2>
<p>Black cats are dwellers of the spiritual realms. People who attract black cats are often really psychic and creatively gifted people.</p>
<p>Also, their personality is enigmatic.</p>
<p>If you have a black cat as a totem, it can protect you from evil presences, especially apparitions and ghosts.</p>
<p>If a black cat has been keeping watch outside your home, then it’s probably shielding you from spirits.</p>
<p>Also, if there are people who are trying to bring you misfortune and tragedy, they act as protectors of your family and your house.</p>
<p>They have an exemplary sense of sight and smell. Some say that they’re even better protective pets than dogs.</p>
Archaeologists Are Just Beginning to Unearth the Mummies and Secrets of Saqqara
tag:templeilluminatus.ning.com,2020-11-16:6363372:Topic:3550182
2020-11-16T01:30:06.719Z
Arachnifauna
https://templeilluminatus.ning.com/profile/Arachnifauna
<p><a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/archaeologists-are-just-beginning-unearth-mummies-and-secrets-saqqara-180976301/">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/archaeologists-are-just-beginning-unearth-mummies-and-secrets-saqqara-180976301/</a></p>
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<h2 class="subtitle">The latest finds hint at the great potential of the ancient Egyptian pilgrimage site…</h2>
<span><img alt="Saqqara mummies" src="https://thumbs-prod.si-cdn.com/S5vTjX3au1IsOiE4_97-0sMVN78=/800x600/filters:no_upscale()/%3Ca%20href="></img></span>
<p><a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/archaeologists-are-just-beginning-unearth-mummies-and-secrets-saqqara-180976301/">https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/archaeologists-are-just-beginning-unearth-mummies-and-secrets-saqqara-180976301/</a></p>
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<h2 class="subtitle">The latest finds hint at the great potential of the ancient Egyptian pilgrimage site</h2>
<span><img alt="Saqqara mummies" src="https://thumbs-prod.si-cdn.com/S5vTjX3au1IsOiE4_97-0sMVN78=/800x600/filters:no_upscale()/<a href="https://public-media.si-cdn.com/filer/b2/ce/b2cec354-18e6-4440-92b4-9f3b7846f03c/gettyimages-1229613824.jpg">https://public-media.si-cdn.com/filer/b2/ce/b2cec354-18e6-4440-92b4-9f3b7846f03c/gettyimages-1229613824.jpg</a>"/></span><br />
The sealed wooden coffins, unveiled at Saqqara amid fanfare, belonged to top officials of the Late Period and the Ptolemaic period of ancient Egypt.<span> </span><span class="credits">(Ahmed Hasan / AFP via Getty Images)</span><br />
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<div class="article-line"><div class="articleline"><div class="by-line">By<span> </span><a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/author/jo-marchant/" class="author-name" id="GTM-Jo-Marchant">Jo Marchant</a></div>
<div class="edition"><span class="pub-edition">SMITHSONIANMAG.COM<br/></span>NOVEMBER 14, 2020</div>
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<div class="article-body pagination-first"><p>Agiant trove of ancient coffins and mummies has been discovered at the vast Egyptian burial site of Saqqara. After hinting at a big announcement for days, the Egyptian antiquities ministry revealed the details this morning: more than 100 intact wooden coffins with brightly painted scenes and hieroglyphs, and well-preserved mummies inside.</p>
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<p>The announcement comes after a string of recent discoveries at Saqqara, including 59 intact coffins revealed<span> </span><a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/trove-2500-year-old-human-coffins-unearthed-egypt-180975755/">in September</a><span> </span>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/archaeologists-discover-over-50-well-preserved-coffins-egypt-180976049/">October</a>. The newly announced coffins were found nearby, at the bottom of three 12-meter shafts revealed when archaeologists led by Mostafa Waziry, head of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities, were removing debris from the site. Other finds include funerary masks and more then 40 statues of the funerary deity Ptah-Sokar, all untouched for at least 2,000 years.</p>
<p>Speaking at a press conference at Saqqara with dozens of the coffins displayed on stage behind him, Egypt’s antiquities minister, Khaled el-Enany, praised the Egyptian archaeologists who excavated the finds, which mostly date from between the sixth and first centuries B.C. “They have been working day and night and I’m very proud of the result,” he said. Their story will be told in a Smithsonian Channel docuseries called<span> </span><em>Tomb Hunters</em>, scheduled to air in 2021.</p>
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An incredible trove of archaeological artifacts has been unearthed once again at Saqqara - including 100 coffins, and incredibly rare statues dating back 4,500 years.<br />
<br />
<p>As the coronavirus pandemic devastates the tourism industry on which Egypt depends, the recent finds have been publicized in a series of increasingly dramatic events. At a previous press conference in October, Egyptian officials opened a coffin live on stage. This time they went one step further, not just opening a coffin but X-raying the mummy inside, revealing the individual to have been an adult male, perhaps in his 40s, whose brain was removed through his nose as part of the embalming process.</p>
<p>Egyptologists have welcomed the announcement. To find an unplundered necropolis from this period is “extremely significant,” says Salima Ikram, an archaeologist based at the American University in Cairo, who works at Saqqara. They note that although the latest find is larger, it doesn’t differ significantly from the previously announced finds. “This is very impressive, but it’s lots more of what we already have,” says Campbell Price, curator of Egypt and Sudan at the Manchester Museum in the United Kingdom. Nonetheless, researchers are excited about the possibilities for learning more about this ancient sacred landscape, and the people who were buried there.</p>
<p>Saqqara, located around 20 miles south of Cairo, is one of Egypt’s richest archaeological sites. Home to the 4,700-year-old Step Pyramid, Egypt’s oldest surviving pyramid that’s about 200 years older than the more-famous Pyramids at Giza, the site was used as a burial ground for more than 3,000 years. Like the previous 59 coffins, the newly announced finds mostly date from fairly late in ancient Egypt’s history, from the Late Period (664-332 B.C.) and the Ptolemaic period when Greeks ruled as Pharaohs (305-30 B.C.).</p>
<p>During this period, Saqqara was far more than a cemetery, says Price. It was a pilgrimage site, he says, like an ancient Mecca or Lourdes, that attracted people not just from Egypt but from all over the eastern Mediterranean. Buildings such as the Step Pyramid were already thousands of years old at this time; people believed they were burial places for gods, and wanted to be buried close by. “Saqqara would have been the place to be seen dead in,” says Price. “It had this numinous, divine energy that would help you to get into the afterlife.”</p>
<p>Geophysical surveys have revealed the remains of numerous temples buried under the sand. Archaeologists have also discovered millions of animal mummies, including dogs, cats and birds, believed to have been left as offerings. Recent finds of mummified cobras, crocodiles and dozens of cats, including two lion cubs, were reported in November 2019 and feature in a Netflix documentary, “Secrets of the Saqqara Tomb,” released this month. Meanwhile the discovery of an underground embalmers’ workshop, announced in April, suggests a thriving business in dealing with the dead, with coffins and masks to suit a range of budgets.</p>
<span><img alt="The coffins were found in three burial shafts at depths of 12 metres in the sweeping Saqqara necropolis. Shown in the background is the site's Step Pyramid, the oldest in Egypt." src="https://thumbs-prod.si-cdn.com/qgLeXvvAMmp3LQKzFn-r0gG_Dao=/1024x596/<a href="https://public-media.si-cdn.com/filer/b7/a8/b7a8e83c-849a-4d5a-bfd7-5f2b8219361b/gettyimages-1229614249.jpg">https://public-media.si-cdn.com/filer/b7/a8/b7a8e83c-849a-4d5a-bfd7-5f2b8219361b/gettyimages-1229614249.jpg</a>"/></span><br />
The coffins were found in three burial shafts at depths of 12 metres in the sweeping Saqqara necropolis. Shown in the background is the site's Step Pyramid, the oldest in Egypt.<span> </span><span class="credits">(Ahmed Hasan/AFP via Getty Images)</span><br />
<br />
<p>But the undertakers weren’t digging from scratch, says Aidan Dodson, an Egyptologist at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom. They were reusing older, looted tombs, he says, “scouring Saqqara for locations” suitable for placing new coffins, even beneath the Step Pyramid itself. That makes the site a densely packed mix of finds that range thousands of years. “One would be hard pressed to dig and not find something,” says Ikram. The latest coffins come from an area north of the Step Pyramid, next to the<span> </span><em>bubasteon</em>, a temple complex dedicated to the cat goddess Bastet, where older tombs were reused to hold hundreds of mummified cats.</p>
<p>Despite the press conferences and documentaries, none of the recent finds have been formally published, so Egyptologists can only glean information from the handful of images released to the press. “We hope the Ministry of Antiquities will make the archaeological data available,” says Price. Carefully studying the history and context of the burials as they were found could help researchers to understand how the bubasteon was used as a sacred site for both humans and animals, says Ikram. Meanwhile Price hopes for insights into how coffin design evolved over time, which is well understood for sites in the south of Egypt but less so in the north. And deciphering the hieroglyphs on the coffins would reveal information about the people inside, such as their name, role in society, from priest to treasurer, or home city.</p>
<p>The sheer number of finds now available also opens up fresh possibilities, such as constructing family trees of the people buried at the site. “We can get a sense of them as a community,” says Price. The results might even shed new light on unidentified artifacts excavated centuries ago. “Now we can see visual similarities between these new finds and unprovenanced items in European museums,” he says. Finding matches with orphaned coffins in Europe might enable researchers to link up long-separated family members.</p>
<p>El-Enany told the press conference that the mummies will now be distributed between several Egyptian institutions, including the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities and National Museum of Egyptian Civilization, both in Cairo, and the Grand Egyptian Museum in Giza (scheduled to open next year). But they may soon need to find space for more, as he added that “the mission did not finish yet”. Within the last few days, he said, another hoard of mummies has just been found at Saqqara, to be announced in the next couple of months.</p>
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Feast of birth giving Hathor
tag:templeilluminatus.ning.com,2020-05-29:6363372:Topic:3521595
2020-05-29T19:18:46.356Z
Arachnifauna
https://templeilluminatus.ning.com/profile/Arachnifauna
<div class="_5pbx userContent _3576" id="js_9j"><p>since according to the Egyptian Religious Calendar today is the last day of the<br></br>“Feast of the Birth-Giving of Hathor”<br></br>(May 7-May 29 of the current year,<br></br>see my book “Egyptian Religious Calendar: CDXX-CDXXI Great Year of Ra, 2020CE” available on amazon:<span> …</span></p>
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<div class="_5pbx userContent _3576" id="js_9j"><p>since according to the Egyptian Religious Calendar today is the last day of the<br/>“Feast of the Birth-Giving of Hathor”<br/>(May 7-May 29 of the current year,<br/>see my book “Egyptian Religious Calendar: CDXX-CDXXI Great Year of Ra, 2020CE” available on amazon:<span> </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1711180084?fbclid=IwAR03vvZj6sbpX-Ju2r5pJp2Qf7UZfG1Cr-8o3Q9Z-cRpX3pDUcq75YNEyNg" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">https://www.amazon.com/dp/1711180084</a><span> </span>; by subscribing to "AMENTE NOFRE-MEMBERSHIP COMMUNITY" you will get a complete access to the daily posts of the Ancient Egyptian Religious Calendar and to my online courses in Egyptology, here's the link with all the infos:<span> </span><a href="https://www.patreon.com/amentenofre?fbclid=IwAR1Rd_5JmlOaUV11SONhIf1abjM0eUj5HJd6Up3pGigRGMtsq25zx6Ieua8" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">https://www.patreon.com/amentenofre</a><span> </span>),<br/>here's my album of photos with more than 100 images of the "House of Birth" (the Mammisi) of the Sanctuary of Hathor at Nitentóre (Dendera)</p>
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<div><div class="_5r69 _sds _1hvl"><div class="mts"><div><div class="mtm"><div class="_2a2q _65sr"><div class="uiScaledImageContainer"><img class="scaledImageFitHeight img" src="https://scontent-ort2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/s851x315/31709715_2024242330937803_4862421218415869952_o.jpg?_nc_cat=109&_nc_sid=0be424&_nc_oc=AQnQ7obX1F9Cy3FziJZts37MZs8x4Yk138aYvWqS-IAHC1oOmq7lBntoNPsqyHA0tU9-lbEWHM3Nh4km993uh8u1&_nc_ht=scontent-ort2-1.xx&_nc_tp=7&oh=e02011208c23ee28c7b6fd72d36a05a5&oe=5EF7CFAA" alt="Image may contain: one or more people, sky, tree, outdoor and nature" width="599" height="315"/></div>
<div class="uiScaledImageContainer"><img class="scaledImageFitWidth img" src="https://scontent-ort2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-0/p160x160/31530933_2023020494393320_154611671535452160_o.jpg?_nc_cat=102&_nc_sid=0be424&_nc_oc=AQlnair9xvuV3Mr4DlJXUH-p7rUujAbCrlK-fPA8iKVJxsyBDjYMwOF9JcVIvLYcJ0QHAR1UUc5htIpkPA4waSA6&_nc_ht=scontent-ort2-1.xx&_nc_tp=6&oh=ce151f77e369541f918eed93f71d4822&oe=5EF6169D" alt="Image may contain: one or more people and outdoor" width="157" height="186"/></div>
<div class="uiScaledImageContainer"><img class="scaledImageFitHeight img" src="https://scontent-ort2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-0/p160x160/1625510_1022270781134968_7131437247623561628_n.jpg?_nc_cat=107&_nc_sid=e007fa&_nc_oc=AQkrWKgjoXLjH9xq5L-vlzICwkq4INYDydvjq3Oo629_c30Y-pqSGw80FZ-8nPP8nyn7ylC7SJr6II_uKhNGvtsd&_nc_ht=scontent-ort2-1.xx&_nc_tp=6&oh=36902fbc765cdc0ffad136d4af3115bb&oe=5EF872EA" alt="No photo description available." width="209" height="157"/></div>
<div class="uiScaledImageContainer"><img class="scaledImageFitHeight img" src="https://scontent-ort2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t31.0-0/p160x160/13116312_1242308472464530_652407755645887140_o.jpg?_nc_cat=104&_nc_sid=e007fa&_nc_oc=AQk5icV5gHVuP4MBNa0Da1GWr3GsgTwX9tI5uQ3-NCQitBnOtw2pQ836bLwuARYREVng_0jtX6EU18PnVITb8XtO&_nc_ht=scontent-ort2-1.xx&_nc_tp=6&oh=07fd4eb504d25dc069e7d4056e1f555d&oe=5EF623C2" alt="Image may contain: outdoor" width="268" height="157"/></div>
<div class="_52d9"><div class="_52da"><div class="_52db">+112</div>
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<div class="mtm _5pcm"><span class="_1nb_ fwn fcg"><span class="fcg"><span class="fwb"><a class="profileLink" href="https://www.facebook.com/AmentetNeferetEgyptianReligion/?__tn__=kCH-R&eid=ARCe_T9LY-W4873r4iseOPCMZRZVYybylSBdlpGhI5kZ_GKhzVhMhgSuEAhkVrRqQS3HmAtlhZQOmmU9&hc_ref=ARQ2IgAd8ZijP2mYLU-XPrA445qJyx9aijney7LtCQM3N-vf7K4QlRSODbMaCSyaQfs&ref=nf_target&__xts__%5B0%5D=68.ARCjncvSOOQDefVA6qI-bOY58tqo54ipNeFO0RSMaKjMhnFjA_-I5llFu3jtZa1q112RT9UhU5glQOiwiqiIec188h_Rz2zOkISEJmWZjB92aGI-xQQE2XC1h9YVKLuTZOcEMo3dfqW2u0DzikHdeqhQL_h13B_fbRqx7SLTvazAPtbCrZHb1MZXF_nzErKTV6TFb_25CpvfDVYpvNB2beTja4p8DW6qdUuRbr_ziBpuqaRtStKSAa2RPWOPzCgnsL6SirkxArPtsApM-fuswzp-xbVYKHK-1s9-GHTW9insy9OQYmZCNCUDajDph0OqkwqyZuluz8MVFI3vvzQrexK9VojPuXORLp5RxEXK7rj9PBCA9SsEgbXbTMdSbDulNce4LhiSZrkoAofTVpDL3hQ7u7t_1P9J_aFhK90ffSI9xZ7JDcYkz5vIgF8sXwYvfVpYJHmMc4UHyaK0">Amentet Neferet - Religion and Traditions of Ancient Egypt</a></span><span> </span>added 115 new photos to the album:<span> </span><a href="https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.791167114245337&type=3&__xts__%5B0%5D=68.ARCjncvSOOQDefVA6qI-bOY58tqo54ipNeFO0RSMaKjMhnFjA_-I5llFu3jtZa1q112RT9UhU5glQOiwiqiIec188h_Rz2zOkISEJmWZjB92aGI-xQQE2XC1h9YVKLuTZOcEMo3dfqW2u0DzikHdeqhQL_h13B_fbRqx7SLTvazAPtbCrZHb1MZXF_nzErKTV6TFb_25CpvfDVYpvNB2beTja4p8DW6qdUuRbr_ziBpuqaRtStKSAa2RPWOPzCgnsL6SirkxArPtsApM-fuswzp-xbVYKHK-1s9-GHTW9insy9OQYmZCNCUDajDph0OqkwqyZuluz8MVFI3vvzQrexK9VojPuXORLp5RxEXK7rj9PBCA9SsEgbXbTMdSbDulNce4LhiSZrkoAofTVpDL3hQ7u7t_1P9J_aFhK90ffSI9xZ7JDcYkz5vIgF8sXwYvfVpYJHmMc4UHyaK0&__tn__=-UCH-R">"House of Birth" of the Sanctuary of Hathor at Nitentóre-Dendera</a>.</span></span></div>
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Tree Goddesses of ancient Egypt
tag:templeilluminatus.ning.com,2020-04-16:6363372:Topic:3514686
2020-04-16T18:16:03.680Z
Arachnifauna
https://templeilluminatus.ning.com/profile/Arachnifauna
<h2>by<span> </span><strong>Jimmy Dunn writing as Taylor Ray Ellison</strong></h2>
<p><img alt="A tree goddess offers libations to Panehsy in his 18th Dynasty tomb" src="http://www.touregypt.net/images/touregypt/treegoddess2.jpg"></img></p>
<p>At various locals in the in the ancient world,<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/trees.htm">trees</a><span> </span>were associated with different gods, and Egypt was certainly no exception. We know of no trees, or for that matter other vegetation in Egypt that was honored as specific gods as were bulls or rams, for example. Nevertheless, various vegetation was…</p>
<h2>by<span> </span><strong>Jimmy Dunn writing as Taylor Ray Ellison</strong></h2>
<p><img alt="A tree goddess offers libations to Panehsy in his 18th Dynasty tomb" src="http://www.touregypt.net/images/touregypt/treegoddess2.jpg"/></p>
<p>At various locals in the in the ancient world,<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/trees.htm">trees</a><span> </span>were associated with different gods, and Egypt was certainly no exception. We know of no trees, or for that matter other vegetation in Egypt that was honored as specific gods as were bulls or rams, for example. Nevertheless, various vegetation was connected to gods and goddess in one way or another, or generally to Egyptian religion and specifically the afterlife.</p>
<p></p>
<p>There were several deities that were associated with trees, a rare commodity in Egypt.<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/horus.htm">Horus</a><span> </span>was associated with the acacia, while<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/osiris.htm">Osiris</a><span> </span>and<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/re.htm">Re</a><span> </span>were tied with the willow and the sycamore, respectively. Osiris was sheltered by a willow after he was killed, and for example, the<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/bod.htm">Book of the Dead</a><span> </span>describes two "sycamores of turquoise" growing at the point on the eastern horizon where the sun-god rises each morning. Re was also associated with the ished tree. Also,<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/wepwawet.htm">Wepwawet</a><span> </span>was paired with the Tamarisk, and the symbol of the god<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/heh.htm">Heh</a><span> </span>was a palm branch, while not surprisingly, we have both<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/thoth.htm">Thoth</a><span> </span>and<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/seshat.htm">Seshat</a>, the two deities associated with writing, inscribing the leaves of either the ished (or persea) tree with the<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/titles.htm">Royal Titulary</a><span> </span>and the number of years in the pharaoh's reign.</p>
<p></p>
<p><img alt="A crude depiction of Tuthmosis III suckling Isis in her guise as a Tree Goddess" src="http://www.touregypt.net/images/touregypt/treegoddess3.jpg"/></p>
<p></p>
<p>However, none of these mail deities were associated with trees nearly as much as a number of female deities. The sycamore specifically was regarded as a manifestation of the goddesses<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/nut.htm">Nut</a>,<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/isis.htm">Isis</a><span> </span>and<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/hathor.htm">Hathor</a>, who was even given the title, "Lady of the Sycamore".In fact, this title has been interpreted to relate to a specific and particularly old tree that once stood to the south of the<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/temples.htm">Temple</a><span> </span>of<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/godsofegypt/ptah.htm">Ptah</a><span> </span>at<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/memphis.htm">Memphis</a><span> </span>during the<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/ehistory.htm#Old%20Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a>.</p>
<p></p>
<p>The<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/trees.htm">Sycamore tree</a><span> </span>was of special significance in Egyptian religion. It was the only native tree of useful size and sturdiness in Egypt, and perhaps very significantly, most often grew along the edge of the desert, which would have also placed it near or in the necropolises.</p>
<p></p>
<p><img alt="Tree Goddess from the tomb of Pashedu in the Valley of the Kings" src="http://www.touregypt.net/images/touregypt/treegoddess5.jpg"/></p>
<p><strong><img alt="A tree goddess with only one arm revealed" src="http://www.touregypt.net/images/touregypt/treegoddess1.jpg"/></strong></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Tree Goddess from the tomb of Pashedu in the Valley of the Kings</strong></p>
<p>There were also a number of minor tree goddesses who were depicted in a number of ways. There were simply images of trees labeled as goddesses as well as fully anthropomorphic personifications of tree goddesses. Perhaps the most unusual representation is that of the upper body of a goddess rising from the trunk at the center of a tree, or sometimes a tree sprouting out of the head, such as in the case of Nut.</p>
<p>Many representations were made depicting Hathor, Nut or some other goddess reaching out from a tree to offer the deceased food and water. Sometimes only the arms of the goddess were shown providing food or water and in the<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/tuthmosis3t.htm">tomb of</a><span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/tuthmosis3.htm">Tuthmosis III</a>, the king is shown being nursed at the breast of "his mother Isis" in the form of a sycamore tree. Hathor had an especially important role in the afterlife of the deceased. In tomb depictions, the deceased, frequently accompanied by his wife, was shown sitting under or near the branches of a tree, with Hathor sprouting from the trunk, enjoying the fruit and drink offered by this goddess. An excellent example of such a representation is in the Theban<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/sennedjemt.htm">tomb of Sennedjem</a></p>
<p></p>
<p>Scenes and inscriptions clearly show a link between the tree-goddess, the symbol of renewal, and the dead in the form of the avian<span> </span><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/egypt-info/magazine-mag05012001-magf3.htm">Ba</a>, for as a bird, the soul of the dead was attracted to, and nourished by the tree.</p>
<p></p>
<p>Notably, the identification of several maternal deities as tree goddesses also meant that burial in a wooden coffin was viewed as a return to the womb of the mother goddess.</p>
<p></p>
<p><img alt="A Tree Goddess with a fruit-tree headress" src="http://www.touregypt.net/images/touregypt/treegoddess6.jpg"/><br/>A Tree Goddess with a fruit-tree headress</p>
<p></p>
<p>Today in Egypt, trees have not altogether died out as religious symbols, for their remains at least several sites where trees have modern religious significance, associated with, for example, the Holy Virgin Mary.</p>
<h2>Resources:</h2>
<table>
<tbody><tr><td><p>Title</p>
</td>
<td><p>Author</p>
</td>
<td><p>Date</p>
</td>
<td><p>Publisher</p>
</td>
<td><p>Reference Number</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, A</p>
</td>
<td><p>Hart, George</p>
</td>
<td><p>1986</p>
</td>
<td><p>Routledge</p>
</td>
<td><p>ISBN 0-415-05909-7</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>Gods and Myths of Ancient Egypt</p>
</td>
<td><p>Armour, Robert A.</p>
</td>
<td><p>1986</p>
</td>
<td><p>American University in Cairo Press, The</p>
</td>
<td><p>ISBN 977 424 669 1</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>Gods of the Egyptians, The (Studies in Egyptian Mythology)</p>
</td>
<td><p>Budge, E. A. Wallis</p>
</td>
<td><p>1969</p>
</td>
<td><p>Dover Publications, Inc.</p>
</td>
<td><p>ISBN 486-22056-7</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>Great Goddesses of Egypt, The</p>
</td>
<td><p>Lesko, Barbara S.</p>
</td>
<td><p>1999</p>
</td>
<td><p>University of Oklahoma Press</p>
</td>
<td><p>ISBN 0-8061-3202-7</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p>Tomb and Beyond, The: Burial Customs of Egyptian Officials</p>
</td>
<td><p>Kanawati, Naguib</p>
</td>
<td><p>2001</p>
</td>
<td><p>Aris & Phillips Ltd</p>
</td>
<td><p>ISBN 0 85668 734 0</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><p><a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1586632957/touregyptofficsi">Valley of the Kings</a></p>
</td>
<td><p><a href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/kent.htm">Weeks, Kent R.</a></p>
</td>
<td><p>2001</p>
</td>
<td><p>Friedman/Fairfax</p>
</td>
<td><p>ISBN 1-5866-3295-7</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Queen Meresankh III
tag:templeilluminatus.ning.com,2020-04-16:6363372:Topic:3514912
2020-04-16T17:21:29.929Z
Arachnifauna
https://templeilluminatus.ning.com/profile/Arachnifauna
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III</a></p>
<p><b>Queen Meresankh III</b><span> </span>was the daughter of<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetepheres_II" title="Hetepheres II">Hetepheres II</a><span> </span>and Prince<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawab" title="Kawab">Kawab</a><span> </span>and a granddaughter of the Egyptian pharaoh<span> …</span></p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III</a></p>
<p><b>Queen Meresankh III</b><span> </span>was the daughter of<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetepheres_II" title="Hetepheres II">Hetepheres II</a><span> </span>and Prince<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawab" title="Kawab">Kawab</a><span> </span>and a granddaughter of the Egyptian pharaoh<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a>. She was the wife of King<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khafre">Khafre</a>.</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><table class="infobox">
<tbody><tr><th colspan="2">Meresankh III in<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a></th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr">
<tbody><tr><td><table class="mw-hiero-table">
<tbody><tr><td><img src="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U6.png?4f117" height="37" title="U6 [mr]" alt="mr"/></td>
<td><img src="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S29.png?58979" height="38" title="S29 [s]" alt="s"/></td>
<td><img src="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_S34.png?d177d" height="38" title="S34 [anx]" alt="anx"/></td>
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</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br/>Meresankh<br/><i>Mrs ˁnḫ</i></td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><div><center><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King%27s_Wife&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King's Wife (page does not exist)">King's Wife</a><span> </span>of<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a><span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></center>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Group_of_Hetepheres_II_and_Meresankh_III-30.1456-IMG_4559-gradient.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Group of Hetepheres II and Meresankh III-30.1456-IMG 4559-gradient.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Group_of_Hetepheres_II_and_Meresankh_III-30.1456-IMG_4559-gradient.jpg/230px-Group_of_Hetepheres_II_and_Meresankh_III-30.1456-IMG_4559-gradient.jpg" width="230" height="230"/></a></div>
</div>
<span>Queen <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetepheres_II" title="Hetepheres II">Hetepheres II</a> (left) embraces her deceased daughter Meresankh III (right) (MFA 30.1456)</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span><span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#Meresankh_III's_Children"><span class="tocnumber">2</span><span class="toctext">Meresankh III's Children</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span><span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span><span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meresankh_III&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Her parents were brother and sister. She married the pharaoh<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafra" title="Khafra">Khafra</a><span> </span>of the<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth dynasty of Egypt">Fourth dynasty of Egypt</a><span> </span>and bore him four sons:<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebemakhet" title="Nebemakhet">Nebemakhet</a>, Niuserre, Khenterka and Duaenre as well as a daughter named Shepsetkau.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><span> </span>She held the royal titles of<span> </span><i>King's Daughter</i><span> </span>and<span> </span><i>King's Wife, Great of Scepter</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></p>
<p>When she died some time shortly after the reign of Khafra, Meresankh was buried in an extensively decorated<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">mastaba</a><span> </span>tomb at Giza along with a rock-cut chapel (G7530-5440). Inscriptions on the tomb provide both the time of her death and the date for her funeral, which followed some 272 days after her death.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><span> </span>She apparently died during the first regnal year of an unnamed king, possibly the pharaoh<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></p>
<p>This tomb was originally planned for her mother Hetepheres II, but she instead donated it for her daughter's use—which suggests that Meresankh's death was sudden and unexpected.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><span> </span>Hetepheres also provided her daughter with a black granite sarcophagus decorated with palace facades for Meresankh's burial.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></p>
<p>Her tomb was discovered by archeologist<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Reisner" class="mw-redirect" title="George Reisner">George Reisner</a><span> </span>on April 23, 1927,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><span> </span>with subsequent excavations undertaken by his team on behalf of<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a><span> </span>and the<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a>.</p>
<p>Her sarcophagus and skeleton are today located in the Cairo Museum; the latter reveals that she was 1.54 metres (5'1") tall and between 50–55 years at her death.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><span> </span>An anthropological study suggested, that she might have suffered from bilateral silent sinus syndrome.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></p>
<p>The tomb also contained a set of the earliest known<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Canopic">canopic</a><span> </span>jars.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><span> </span>A limestone statue depicting Queen Hetepheres embracing her late daughter Meresankh was found in her tomb and is today located in the<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts</a><span> </span>in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></p>
<h2><span id="Meresankh_III.27s_Children"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Meresankh_III's_Children">Meresankh III's Children</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meresankh_III&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Meresankh III's Children">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The children of Meresankh and Khafre include:</p>
<ul>
<li>Prince<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebemakhet" title="Nebemakhet">Nebemakhet</a><span> </span>Buried in Mastaba 8172. His titles include scribe of the (divine) book, elder of the snwt-house of his father, chief justice and vizier, hereditary prince, king's son of his body, chief lector-priest, khet-priest of the Great One, khet-priest of (?) Temp. Khephren to Menkaure or a little later. In the mastaba Duaenre, and Niuserre are mentioned. As well as a brother named Ankhemre. Nebemakhet's wife was named Nubhotep, Prophetess of Hathor Mistress-of-the-Sycamore in all her places, etc.</li>
<li>Prince<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duaenre" title="Duaenre">Duaenre</a><span> </span>Mastaba G5110 Vizier of Menkaure. Possibly the father of vizier<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babaef_II" title="Babaef II">Babaef</a>.</li>
<li>Prince<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenterka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenterka (page does not exist)">Kenterka</a>. Mentioned in Meresankh's tomb. Khenterka is assumed by some to be a son of Meresankh III.</li>
<li>Prince<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niuserre_(A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niuserre (A) (page does not exist)">Niuserre (A)</a><span> </span>(Ny-user-Re-ankh (?) is mentioned in Meresankh's tomb) King's son of his body, Chief lector-priest of his father, Treasurer of the King of Lower Egypt, etc. Middle to end of Dyn. IV. (Unfinished Rock cut tomb in central field)</li>
<li>Prince<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ankhemre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ankhemre (page does not exist)">Ankhemre</a><span> </span>King's son of his body. Mentioned in the inner chapel of his brother Nebemakhet.</li>
<li>Princess<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shepsetkau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shepsetkau (page does not exist)">Shepsetkau</a><span> </span>(mentioned in Nebemakhet's Mastaba).</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meresankh_III&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_ref-1" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span><span> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancient-egypt.org/glossary/people/meresankh_iii.html">Meresankh III</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_ref-2" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span><span> </span><span class="reference-text">Tyldesley, Joyce. Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2006., p.45.<span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05145-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05145-3">0-500-05145-3</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_ref-3" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span><span> </span><span class="reference-text">Tyldesley, p.48</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_ref-4" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span><span> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/fourthqueens.htm">The Queens of Egypt's 4th Dynasty</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_ref-5" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span><span> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancient-egypt.org/glossary/people/meresankh_iii.html">Meresankh III</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_ref-6" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span><span> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/meresankht.htm">The Tomb of Meresankh III (G 7530-40) at Giza</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_ref-7" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span><span> </span><span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090726173622/http://www.tufts.edu/alumni/magazine/spring2007/features/pharaohs.html">"Finding the Pharaohs"</a>. Archived from<span> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tufts.edu/alumni/magazine/spring2007/features/pharaohs.html">the original</a><span> </span>on 2009-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span> </span><span class="nowrap">2008-09-13</span></span>.</cite></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_ref-8" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span><span> </span><span class="reference-text">Aidan Dodson & Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson (2004), p.60</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_ref-9" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span><span> </span><span class="reference-text">Habicht ME, Eppenberger PE, Galassi FM, Rühli FJ, Henneberg M: Queen Meresankh III – the oldest case of bilateral Silent Sinus Syndrome (c. 2620/10 - 2570 BC)?. Anthropologie (CZ), Vol 56 (2). DOI:<span> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.26720/anthro.17.09.25.2">https://doi.org/10.26720/anthro.17.09.25.2</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_ref-10" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span><span> </span><span class="reference-text">Tyldesley, p.48</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meresankh_III#cite_ref-11" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span><span> </span><span class="reference-text">Dodson & Hilton, p.57</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meresankh_III&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.matterport.com/show/?m=d42fuVA21To&fbclid=IwAR2yO8l8Kj_2cmMyCeVva0IlEaw0gQkOlGiDEhRC5hOOg8mQaaD7zZYmfng">Virtual exploration of the mastaba of Meresankh III</a></li>
</ul>
The Ankh : Ascension and Descension : Dark Night to Christ Consciousness
tag:templeilluminatus.ning.com,2020-03-29:6363372:Topic:3509445
2020-03-29T00:45:27.681Z
Arachnifauna
https://templeilluminatus.ning.com/profile/Arachnifauna
<div class="xg_headline xg_headline-img xg_headline-2l"><div class="tb"><p><a class="nolink">Posted by<span> </span></a><a href="https://templeilluminatus.com/profile/CianRhys">Cian Rhys</a><a class="nolink"><span> </span>on October 19, 2017 at 3:44am …</a></p>
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<div class="xg_headline xg_headline-img xg_headline-2l"><div class="tb"><p><a class="nolink">Posted by<span> </span></a><a href="https://templeilluminatus.com/profile/CianRhys">Cian Rhys</a><a class="nolink"><span> </span>on October 19, 2017 at 3:44am </a></p>
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<p><span class="font-size-3"><strong>Kundalini Ascension</strong></span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">There are 7 major chakras in the body (Root, Sacral, Solar Plexus, Heart, Throat, Third Eye, and Crown.) These 7 are the foundation of our energetic body.</span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">When we go through Ascension, the serpentine force called the Kundalini slowly crawls from the Root Chakra up to the Crown Chakra. This takes a long time as the Kundalini rises and then re-coils to its foundation. Rising and re-coiling, this force steadily moves upward, then holds to integrate and purify. This process used to take many lifetimes, as we trained our energy to amplify, but now we are living through multiple chakra ascensions in one lifetime.</span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">Each time the Kundalini reaches a new chakra, we re-master our 7 chakras in the new frequency. For example, if you have just reached 5D, the Kundalini climbs and masters the first chakra, then the second, and so on. When the Kundalini reaches the 5D-7th chakra, the whole Kundalini climbs to 6D and you re-master 1-7 in that density. This is why we can have ascension symptoms of lower chakra clearing, when we are moving higher in frequency.</span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">All of this is not a cut and dry process. It is energetic expansion and contraction in a fluid motion, like the tides coming in and out. However, there are stages, initiations, graduations, and new abilities that come along the way as we reach new points in our Self Mastery.</span></p>
<p><br/><strong><span class="font-size-3">Understanding Ascension and 5D</span></strong></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">Each Chakra has a Morphogenetic Field of its energy frequency. When the Kundalini reaches a new chakra, we are initiated into new rules and new understandings of reality and the old ways die. In the past, we physically died in between these ascensions, to be reborn as a baby in the new energy field. It can be challenging on the human psyche to live throughout this process of Death and Rebirth while staying in body, but this is exactly what we are experiencing at this time of mass ascension.</span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">When we say we are moving into 5D, we mean that the planet has entered the Morphogenetic Field associated with the 5th Chakra. This is the Throat Chakra, responsible for Higher Truth, Knowing, Integrity, Unity, Communication, Connection, and Honesty. Gaia’s Core is now at 5D, and this is why everyone is being forced into 5D. The power of the planet is much greater than an individual’s will, so having Gaia at 5D pulls everyone up.</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3"><strong>8D: Christ Consciousness</strong></span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">Something special happens when we have ascended the Kundalini to 7D-7th chakra, up out of the Crown. At this point, the Kundalini actually reverses and returns to the Heart. During this time, we experience a Descension in our energy as we climb back down the chakras. This process is known as the Dark Night of the Soul and can be very confusing if you don’t know what is occurring.</span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">In this Descension, we suddenly “lose” our new found abilities: the Divine Connection of the Crown, the Sixth Senses of the Third Eye, and the Self-Knowing of the Throat Chakra. These chakras seemingly “go offline” as we return to the 4th Chakra and 4D to integrate all the chakras into our Heart Center. This is like a giant, personal retrograde, where we more deeply understand and master ourselves and our shadows.</span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">Ascension is not outside of ourselves in some distant realm. It is bringing all the powers of our multidimensional self into our core, physical self.</span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">When the Kundalini returns to the heart, it initiates a process throughout the whole body, where every single cell is converted into crystalline (krystal, christel, crystal). This is the real beginning of the Light Body–the Tree of Life. As the 8th Thymus Chakra opens, the whole physical body goes through a massive Death and Rebirth. (There are many cycles and Dark Nights of the Soul, but this one is extremely powerful, since it is at the end of a Greater Cycle.)</span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">The Descension is known as the “Dark Night of the Soul” because it is when the Universe throws everything at us to tempt us, prod our weaknesses, and drive us literally insane. This is to drive out and purify all the inferior elements of the ego and emotional body. The Universe does everything it can to pull us down and humble us, so that we master ourselves and rise, regardless of our physical surroundings. This is when we rediscover the heart and our consciousness moves back there, where it permanently resides. All ascension after the 8th Chakra occurs in the Heart. The Heart is what it is about!</span></p>
<p><br/><span class="font-size-3"><strong>The Ankh</strong></span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">The Ankh is a symbol of Ascension and the Kundalini’s energetic pathway. The energy rises up the center column of the spine, then once it reaches the top, it returns to the heart. This is what is illustrated from the Ankh symbol.</span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">We show an Ankh for someone who has attained Christ Consciousness (Buddha Nature), because it means they have successfully mastered all 7 chakras and then returned to the heart (The Middle Way). This is when the golden Thymus/High Heart Chakra opens.</span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">You cannot force the Kundalini to return to the heart. This pathway only occurs when all 7 chakras have been mastered and integrated. It cannot be artificially created through crystals, grids, diet, manipulation, or anything external. It is a naturally occurring process that is catalyzed by Union of Source and Self. It starts the moment when we merge with the Understanding of the Law of One (We are All One).</span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">When someone has reached this point, where the High Heart Chakra is fully Activated, they are living in the 8th Density and have actualized Christ Consciousness.</span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">Many have been going through this Dark Night of the Soul phase this year and will be awakening into Christ Consciousness. People are sent into their Dark Night of the Soul in waves, as they are ready. This might be why you are getting feelings and promptings to “wait” (there are many reasons why this could be). You have to wait until the energy is supportive and your Higher Self clears you for the Descension into the Dark Night. It all happens automatically and these waves will increase and continue in Divine Timing.</span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">I offer this integrated Wisdom, so that you may have a deeper Understanding of your own Divine Journey. The terminology of the levels and densities is for clarification of which stage you are at, the rules you are playing by, and the lessons you are mastering. It’s not a competition and higher is not “better”.</span></p>
<p><span class="font-size-3">Ascension is a natural unfoldment in Divine Timing, one day at a time. Patience and Perseverance is the fastest path through–A Divine Paradox!</span><br/><br/></p>
<p><a rel="nofollow noopener" href="http://www.karenneverland.com/" target="_blank">Source</a></p>
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Daily Life in Ancient Egypt
tag:templeilluminatus.ning.com,2020-03-03:6363372:Topic:3501727
2020-03-03T19:31:21.904Z
Arachnifauna
https://templeilluminatus.ning.com/profile/Arachnifauna
<p><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/article/933/daily-life-in-ancient-egypt/">https://www.ancient.eu/article/933/daily-life-in-ancient-egypt/</a></p>
<div class="ci_info"><div class="ci_author trans">by<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/user/JPryst/" rel="author" title="User Page: Joshua J. Mark">Joshua J. Mark</a><br></br>published on 21 September 2016</div>
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<div class="text body"><p>The popular view of life in ancient<span> …</span></p>
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<p><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/article/933/daily-life-in-ancient-egypt/">https://www.ancient.eu/article/933/daily-life-in-ancient-egypt/</a></p>
<div class="ci_info"><div class="ci_author trans">by<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/user/JPryst/" rel="author" title="User Page: Joshua J. Mark">Joshua J. Mark</a><br/>published on 21 September 2016</div>
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<p>The popular view of life in ancient<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/egypt/">Egypt</a><span> </span>is often that it was a<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Death/">death</a>-obsessed culture in which powerful pharaohs forced the people to labor at constructing<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/pyramids/">pyramids</a><span> </span>and temples and, at an unspecified time, enslaved the Hebrews for this purpose. In reality, ancient Egyptians loved life, no matter their social class, and the ancient<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Egyptian_Government/">Egyptian government</a><span> </span>used slave labor as every other ancient culture did without regard to any particular ethnicity. The ancient Egyptians did have a well-known contempt for non-Egyptians but this was simply because they believed they were living the best life possible in the best of all possible worlds. Life in ancient Egypt was considered so perfect, in fact, that the<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Egyptian/">Egyptian</a><span> </span>afterlife was imagined as an eternal continuation of life on earth. Slaves in Egypt were either criminals, those who could not pay their debts, or captives from foreign military campaigns. These people were considered to have forfeited their freedoms either by their individual choices or by military<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/conquest/">conquest</a><span> </span>and so were forced to endure a quality of existence far below that of free Egyptians.</p>
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<a href="https://www.ancient.eu/image/112/plowing-egyptian-farmer/" title="Plowing Egyptian Farmer"><source type="image/webp"></source><source type="image/jpeg"></source><img src="https://www.ancient.eu/img/r/p/500x600/112.jpg?v=1485680394" alt="Plowing Egyptian Farmer" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="326"/></a><br />
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<div class="figtitle">Plowing Egyptian Farmer</div>
<div class="figauthor">by Zenodot Verlagsgesellschaft mbH (GNU FDL)</div>
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<p>The individuals who actually built the pyramids and other famous monuments of Egypt were Egyptians who were compensated for their labor and, in many cases, were masters of their art. These monuments were raised not in honor of death but of life and the belief that an individual life mattered enough to be remembered for eternity. Further, the Egyptian belief that one's life was an eternal journey and death only a transition inspired the people to try to make their lives worth living eternally. Far from a death-obsessed and dour culture, Egyptian daily life was focused on enjoying the time one had as much as possible and trying to make other's lives equally memorable. </p>
<div class="big_quote">THROUGH THE OBSERVANCE OF BALANCE & HARMONY PEOPLE WERE ENCOURAGED TO LIVE AT PEACE WITH OTHERS & CONTRIBUTE TO COMMUNAL HAPPINESS.</div>
<p>Sports, games, reading, festivals, and time with one's friends and family were as much a part of Egyptian life as toil in farming the land or erecting monuments and temples. The world of the Egyptians was imbued with magic. Magic (<em><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Heka/">heka</a></em>) predated the gods and, in fact, was the underlying force which allowed the gods to perform their duties. Magic was personified in the god Heka (also the god of<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/medicine/">medicine</a>) who had participated in the creation and sustained it afterwards. The concept of<span> </span><em>ma'at</em><span> </span>(harmony and balance) was central to the Egyptian's understanding of life and the operation of the universe and it was<span> </span><em>heka</em><span> </span>which made<span> </span><em><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Ma'at/">ma'at</a></em><span> </span>possible. Through the observance of balance and harmony people were encouraged to live at peace with others and contribute to communal happiness. A line from the wisdom text of Ptahhotep (the vizier to the king Djedkare Isesi, 2414-2375 BCE), admonishes a reader:</p>
<blockquote><p>Let your face shine during the time that you live.</p>
<p>It is the kindliness of a man that is remembered</p>
<p>During the years that follow.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Letting one's face "shine" meant being happy, having a good spirit, in the belief that this would make one's own heart light and lighten those of others. Although Egyptian society was highly stratified from a very early period (as early as the<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Predynastic_Period_in_Egypt/">Predynastic Period in Egypt</a><span> </span>of c. 6000-3150 BCE), this does not mean that the royalty and upper classes enjoyed their lives at the expense of the peasantry. The king and court are always the best-documented individuals because then, as now, people paid more attention to celebrities than their neighbors and the scribes who recorded the history of the time documented what was of greater interest. Still, reports from later<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/greek/">Greek</a><span> </span>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Roman/">Roman</a><span> </span>writers, as well as archaeological evidence and letters from different time periods, show that Egyptians of all social classes valued life and enjoyed themselves as often as they could, very like people in the modern day.</p>
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<a href="https://www.ancient.eu/image/8320/egyptian-grinding-grain/" title="Egyptian Grinding Grain"><source type="image/webp"></source><source type="image/jpeg"></source><img src="https://www.ancient.eu/img/r/p/500x600/8320.jpg?v=1574650105" alt="Egyptian Grinding Grain" class="in_text_image" width="499" height="588"/></a><br />
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<div class="figtitle">Egyptian Grinding Grain</div>
<div class="figauthor">by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin (CC BY-NC-SA)</div>
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<h3>Population & Social Classes</h3>
<p>The population of Egypt was strictly divided into social classes from the king at the top, his vizier, the members of his court, regional governors (eventually called 'nomarchs'), the generals of the military (after the period of the<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/New_Kingdom/">New Kingdom</a>), government overseers of worksites (supervisors), and the peasantry. Social mobility was neither encouraged nor observed for most of Egypt's history as it was thought that the gods had decreed the most perfect social order which mirrored that of the gods. The gods had given the people everything and had set the king over them as the one best-equipped to understand and implement their will. The king was the intermediary between the gods and the people from the Predynastic Period through the<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Old_Kingdom/">Old Kingdom</a><span> </span>(c. 2613-2181 BCE) when the priests of the sun god Ra began to gain more power. Even after this, however, the king was still considered god's chosen emissary. Even the latter part of the New Kingdom (1570-1069 BCE) when the priests of<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/amun/">Amun</a><span> </span>at<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Thebes/">Thebes</a><span> </span>held greater power than the king, the monarch was still respected as divinely ordained.</p>
<p><strong>Upper class</strong></p>
<p>The king of Egypt (not known as a '<a href="https://www.ancient.eu/pharaoh/">pharaoh</a>' until the New Kingdom period), as the gods' chosen man, "enjoyed great wealth and status and luxuries unimaginable to the majority of the population" (Wilkinson, 91). It was the king's responsibility to rule in keeping with<span> </span><em>ma'at</em><em>,</em><span> </span>and as this was a serious charge, he was thought to deserve those luxuries in keeping with his status and the weight of his duties. Historian Don Nardo writes:</p>
<blockquote><p>The kings enjoyed an existence largely free from want. They had power and prestige, servants to do the menial work, plenty of free time to pursue leisure pursuits, fine clothes, and numerous luxuries in their homes. (10)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The king is often depicted hunting and inscriptions regularly boast of the number of large and dangerous animals a particular monarch killed during his reign. Almost without exception, though, animals like lions and elephants were caught by royal game wardens and brought to preserves where the king then "hunted" the beasts while surrounded by guards who protected him. The king would hunt in the open, for the most part, only once the area had been cleared of dangerous animals.</p>
<p>Members of the court lived in similar comfort, although most of them had little responsibility. The nomarchs might also live well, but this depended on how wealthy their particular district was and how important to the king. The nomarch of a district including a site such as Abydos, for example, would expect to do quite well because of the large necropolis there dedicated to the god<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/osiris/">Osiris</a>, which brought many pilgrims to the<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/city/">city</a><span> </span>including the king and courtiers. A nomarch of a region which had no such attraction would expect to live more modestly. The wealth of the region and the personal success of an individual nomarch would determine whether they lived in a small<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/palace/">palace</a><span> </span>or a modest home. This same model applied generally to scribes.</p>
<p><strong>Scribes & Physicians</strong></p>
<p>Scribes were valued highly in ancient Egypt as they were considered specially chosen by the god<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Thoth/">Thoth</a>, who inspired and presided over their craft. Egyptologist Toby Wilkinson notes how "the power of the written word to render permanent a desired state of affairs lay at the heart of Egyptian belief and practice" (204). It was the scribes' responsibility to record events so they would become permanent. The words of the scribes etched daily events in the record of eternity since it was thought that Thoth and his consort<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Seshat/">Seshat</a><span> </span>kept the scribes' words in the eternal libraries of the gods. A scribe's work made him or her immortal not only because later generations would read what they wrote but because the gods themselves were aware of it. Seshat, patron goddess of libraries and librarians, carefully placed one's work on her shelves, just as librarians in her service did on earth. Most scribes were male, but there were female scribes who lived just as comfortably as their male counterparts. A popular piece of<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/literature/">literature</a><span> </span>from the Old Kingdom, known as<span> </span><em>Duauf's Instructions</em>, advocates a love for books and encourages young people to pursue higher learning and become scribes in order to live the best life possible.</p>
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<a href="https://www.ancient.eu/image/660/egyptian-scribes-palette/" title="Egyptian Scribe's Palette"><source type="image/webp"></source><source type="image/jpeg"></source><img src="https://www.ancient.eu/img/r/p/500x600/660.jpg?v=1570173775" alt="Egyptian Scribe's Palette" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="333"/></a><br />
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<div class="figtitle">Egyptian Scribe's Palette</div>
<div class="figauthor">by Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA)</div>
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<p>All priests were scribes, but not all scribes became priests. The priests needed to be able to read and write to perform their duties, especially concerning mortuary rituals. As doctors needed to be literate to read medical texts, they began their training as scribes. Most diseases were thought to be inflicted by the gods as punishment for sin or to teach a lesson, and so doctors needed to be aware of which god (or evil spirit, or<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/ghost/">ghost</a>, or other supernatural agent) might be responsible. In order to perform their duties, they had to be able to read the religious literature of the time, which includes works on dentistry, surgery, the setting of broken bones, and the treatment of various illnesses. As there was no separation between one's religious and daily life, doctors were usually priests until later in Egypt's history when there is a secularization of the profession. All of the priests of the goddess<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Serket/">Serket</a><span> </span>were doctors and this practice continued even after the emergence of more secular physicians. As in the case of scribes,<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/women/">women</a><span> </span>could practice medicine, and female doctors were numerous. In the 4th century BCE, Agnodice of<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Athens/">Athens</a><span> </span>famously traveled to Egypt to study medicine since women were held in higher regard and had more opportunity there than in<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/greece/">Greece</a>. </p>
<p><strong>Military</strong></p>
<p>The military prior to the<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Middle_Kingdom/">Middle Kingdom</a><span> </span>was made up of regional militias conscripted by nomarchs for a certain purpose, usually defense, and then sent to the king. At the beginning of the 12th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom, Amenemhat I (c. 1991-c.1962 BCE) reformed the military to create the first standing army, thus decreasing the power and prestige of the nomarchs and putting the army directly under his control.</p>
<p>After this, the military was made up of upper-class leaders and lower-class rank and file members. There was the possibility of advancement in the military, which was not affected by one's social class. Prior to the New Kingdom, the Egyptian military was primarily concerned with defense, but pharaohs like Tuthmose III (1458-1425 BCE) and<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Ramesses_II/">Ramesses II</a><span> </span>(1279-1213 BCE) led campaigns beyond Egypt's borders in expanding the<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/empire/">empire</a>. Egyptians generally avoided travel to other lands because they feared that, if they should die there, they would have greater difficulty reaching the afterlife. This belief was a definite concern of soldiers on foreign campaigns and provisions were made to return the bodies of the dead to Egypt for<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/burial/">burial</a>.</p>
<p>There is no evidence that women served in the military or, according to some accounts, would have wanted to. The Papyrus Lansing, to give only one example, describes life in the Egyptian army as unending misery leading to an early death. It should be noted, however, that scribes (especially the author of the Papyrus Lansing) consistently depicted their job as the best and most important, and it was the scribes who left behind most of the reports on military life.</p>
<p><strong>Farmers & Laborers</strong></p>
<p>The lowest social class was made up of peasant farmers who did not own the land they worked or the homes they lived in. The land was owned by the king, members of the court, nomarchs, or priests. A common phrase of the peasants to start the day was "Let us work for the noble!" The peasants were almost all farmers, no matter what other<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/trade/">trade</a><span> </span>they cultivated (ferryman, for example). They planted and harvested their crops, gave most of it to the land owner, and kept some for themselves. Most had private gardens, which women tended while the men went out to the fields. Up until the time of the Persian invasion of 525 BCE, the Egyptian<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/economy/">economy</a><span> </span>operated on the barter system and was based on<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Agriculture/">agriculture</a>. The monetary unit of ancient Egypt was the<span> </span><em>deben,</em><span> </span>which according to historian James C. Thompson, "functioned much as the dollar does in North America today to let customers know the price of things, except that there was no<span> </span><em>deben</em><span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/coin/">coin</a>" (Egyptian Economy, 1). A<span> </span><em>deben</em><span> </span>was "approximately 90 grams of<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/copper/">copper</a>; very expensive items could also be priced in<span> </span><em>debens</em><span> </span>of<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Silver/">silver</a><span> </span>or<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/gold/">gold</a><span> </span>with proportionate changes in value" (ibid). Thompson continues:</p>
<blockquote><p>Since seventy-five litters of wheat cost one deben and a pair of sandals also cost one deben, it made perfect sense to the Egyptians that a pair of sandals could be purchased with a bag of wheat as easily as with a chunk of copper. Even if the sandal maker had more than enough wheat, she would happily accept it in payment because it could easily be exchanged for something else. The most common items used to make purchases were wheat, barley, and cooking or lamp oil, but in theory almost anything would do. (1) </p>
</blockquote>
<p>The lowest class of society produced the goods used in trade and therefore provided the means for the entire culture to thrive. These peasants also made up the labor force which built the pyramids and other monuments of Egypt. When the<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/nile/">Nile</a><span> </span>River flooded its banks, farming became impossible and the men and women would go to work on the king's projects. This work was always compensated, and the claim that any of the great structures of Egypt were built by slave labor - especially the claim of the biblical Book of Exodus that these were Hebrew slaves oppressed by Egyptian tyrants - is not supported by any literary or physical evidence at any time in Egypt's history. The claim by certain authors such as Egyptologist David Rohl that one misses the evidence of a mass enslavement of Hebrews by looking at the wrong time period is untenable since no such evidence exists no matter what period of Egyptian history one examines.</p>
<p></p>
<a href="https://www.ancient.eu/image/3822/egyptian-wooden-statue-of-a-woman-grinding-cereals/" title="Egyptian Wooden Statue of a Woman Grinding Cereals"><source type="image/webp"></source><source type="image/jpeg"></source><img src="https://www.ancient.eu/img/r/p/500x600/3822.jpg?v=1509790650" alt="Egyptian Wooden Statue of a Woman Grinding Cereals" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="333"/></a><br />
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<div class="figtitle">Egyptian Wooden Statue of a Woman Grinding Cereals</div>
<div class="figauthor">by Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA)</div>
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<p>Work on monuments like the pyramids and their mortuary complexes, temples, and obelisks provided the only opportunity for upward mobility of the peasantry. Especially skilled artists and engravers were in high demand in Egypt and were better paid than unskilled laborers who simply moved the stones for the buildings from one place to another. Peasant farmers could also improve their status by practicing a craft to provide the vases, bowls, plates, and other ceramics people needed. Skilled carpenters could make a good living creating tables, desks, chairs, beds, storage chests, and painters were required for decoration of upper-class homes, palaces, tombs, and monuments.</p>
<p>Brewers were also highly respected, and breweries were sometimes run by women. In early Egyptian history, in fact, they seem to have been entirely operated by females.<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Beer/">Beer</a><span> </span>was the most popular drink in ancient Egypt and was frequently used as compensation (wine was never that popular except among royalty). Workers at the<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/giza/">Giza</a><span> </span>plateau were given a beer ration three times a day. The beverage was thought to have been given to the people by the god Osiris, and breweries were presided over by the goddess Tenenet. Beer was taken very seriously by the Egyptians as the Greek pharaoh<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Cleopatra_VII/">Cleopatra VII</a><span> </span>(69-30 BCE) learned when she imposed a beer tax; her popularity plummeted more for this one tax than for her wars with<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Rome/">Rome</a>.</p>
<p></p>
<a href="https://www.ancient.eu/image/573/ancient-egyptian-brewery-and-bakery/" title="Ancient Egyptian Brewery and Bakery"><source type="image/webp"></source><source type="image/jpeg"></source><img src="https://www.ancient.eu/img/r/p/500x600/573.png?v=1569515666" alt="Ancient Egyptian Brewery and Bakery" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="584"/></a><br />
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<div class="figtitle">Ancient Egyptian Brewery and Bakery</div>
<div class="figauthor">by Keith Schengili-Roberts (CC BY-SA)</div>
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<p>The lower class could also find opportunity through work in metals, gems, and sculpting. The exquisite jewelry of ancient Egypt, gems mounted delicately in ornate settings, was created by members of the peasantry. These people, the majority of the Egyptian population, also filled the ranks of the army, and in rare cases, could become scribes. One's job and position in society, however, was usually handed down to one's son.</p>
<h3>Homes & Furnishings</h3>
<p>These artists were responsible for creating the furnishings for the lavish palaces, upper-class homes, and temples of Egypt as well as the tombs which were considered a person's eternal home. The king, his queen, and family lived in a palace which was richly decorated and had their needs tended to by servants. Scribes lived in or near the mortuary or<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/temple/">temple</a><span> </span>complexes in special apartments and worked from scriptoriums while, as noted, nomarchs lived in greater or lesser accommodations according to their level of success. The peasants who provided the food for the upper classes also helped build their homes and supply them with chests, drawers, chairs, tables, and beds while they themselves could not afford any of these things. Nardo writes:</p>
<blockquote><p>After a hard day's work, the farmers returned to their houses, which stood near the fields or in small rural villages located nearby. An average agricultural peasant's house featured walls made of mud bricks. The ceiling was fashioned from bundles of plant stems, and the floors consistend of hard-beaten earth covered by a layer of straw or mats made from reeds. There were one or two rooms (perhaps occasionally three) in which the farmer and his wife and children (if any) lived. In many cases, the stabled some or all of their farm animals in the same rooms. Because such modest homes lacked bathrooms, the residents had to use an outside latrine (a hole in the ground) to relieve themselves. Needless to say, water had to be hauled in buckets from the river or the nearest hand-dug well. (13)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>By contrast, the palace of the pharaoh<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Amenhotep_III/">Amenhotep III</a><span> </span>(1386-1353 BCE), known as Malkata today, covered over 30,000 square meters (30 hectares) and included spacious apartments, conference rooms, audience chambers, a throne room and receiving hall, a festival hall, libraries, gardens, storerooms, kitchens, a harem, and a temple to the god Amun. The palace's outer walls were painted bright white while the interior colors were vibrant blues and yellows and greens. The entire structure, of course, had to be furnished and these articles were supplied by the lower class workers. In its time the palace was known as 'the house of rejoicing' and other similar names. It is known as Malkata today from the Arabic for 'place where things are picked up' owing to the massive debris field found there from the ruined palace.</p>
<p>The apartments and homes of scribes, as with those of the nomarchs, were opulent or modest depending on their level of success and the region in which they lived. The author of the Papyrus Lansing, Nebmare Nakht, claimed to live in grand style and to own land and slaves on par with a great king. This claim is no doubt true, too, as it is well established that priests were able to achieve the same level of wealth and power as some rulers in Egypt, and scribes would have had that same opportunity.</p>
<h3>Crime & Punishment</h3>
<p>In ancient Egypt, as in every era of human history, the wealth of one person was often coveted by another who might choose to steal it, and in such cases,<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Egyptian_Law/">Egyptian law</a><span> </span>was swift. After the New Kingdom there was a police force, but even before this time, people were brought before the local official and charged with crimes ranging across the spectrum of criminal activity in the modern day. The state did not involve itself in local affairs unless the criminal had robbed or vandalized state property, such as robbing or defacing a<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/tomb/">tomb</a>. Egyptologist Steven Snape writes: </p>
<blockquote><p>The opportunities for criminal activity provided by the concentration of weatlth and property in towns and sities were seized upon wholeheartedly by some ancient Egyptians, just as they have been within all societies. Equally, significant centres of population and administration provided places where justice could be done and punishments meted out. However, the picture we get from ancient Egypt is that the administration of justice was pushed as far down to local lecel as possible. Villagers were expected to regulate their own affairs. (111) </p>
</blockquote>
<p>Judgment and justice were ultimately the responsibility of the vizier, the king's right-hand man, who delegated that responsibility to officials beneath him, who further delegated to others. Even prior to the New Kingdom, there was an administrative building in any city called the Judgment Hall where cases were heard and verdicts rendered. In small towns and villages, these courts might be held in the market place. The local court was known as the<span> </span><em>kenbet</em>, made up of community leaders of sound moral judgment, who would hear cases and decide on guilt or innocence. In the New Kingdom, the judgment hall and the<span> </span><em>kenbet</em><span> </span>were gradually replaced by oracular judgments in which the god Amun would be consulted directly on a verdict. This was accomplished by a priest of Amun asking the statue of the god a question and then interpreting his answer through various means. Sometimes the statue would nod its head, and other times there would be different signs given. If the defendant were found guilty, then punishment was swift. </p>
<p>Most punishments were fines for minor offenses, but rape, robbery, assault, murder, or tomb robbing could result in mutilation (cutting off of the nose, ears, or hands), incarceration, forced labor (essentially slavery for life in many cases), or death. The Great Prison at Thebes held convicted felons who were used for manual labor on the Temple of Amun at<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Karnak/">Karnak</a><span> </span>and other projects. There was no death row in Egyptian prisons since a person who was found guilty of a serious offense meriting the death penalty was executed immediately. There were no lawyers to argue a case and no appeals made after a verdict was rendered. The priests were entrusted by the people to give a fair and just hearing to any complaint and to judge according to the precepts of the gods, knowing that they faced a far worse fate in the afterlife should they fail in these duties.</p>
<h3>Family & Leisure</h3>
<p>Priests could be male or female. The chief priest of any religious cult was usually the same sex as the deity they served; the head of the Cult of<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/isis/">Isis</a><span> </span>was female, that of the Cult of Amun, male. Priests could and did have families, and their children usually became priests after them.</p>
<div class="big_quote">SOCIAL MOBILITY WAS NEITHER ENCOURAGED NOR OBSERVED FOR MOST OF EGYPT'S HISTORY AS IT WAS THOUGHT THAT THE GODS HAD DECREED THE MOST PERFECT SOCIAL ORDER WHICH MIRRORED THAT OF THE GODS. </div>
<p>This was the paradigm for all of Egypt as far as succession went: the children carried on the occupation of the parents, usually the father. Women had almost equal rights in ancient Egypt. They could own their own businesses, their own land, and their own homes, could initiate divorce, enter into contracts with men, have abortions, and dispose of their own property as they saw fit; this was a level of sexual equality which no other ancient<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/civilization/">civilization</a><span> </span>approached and which the modern era only initiated - under duress - in the mid-20th century CE.</p>
<p>At least four women ruled Egypt, the best known two being<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/hatshepsut/">Hatshepsut</a><span> </span>(1479-1458 BCE) and<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/cleopatra/">Cleopatra</a><span> </span>VII. This was not the norm, however, as most rulers were male. Royal women, for the most part, had slaves and servants who cared for the children and had no responsibility for cleaning or tending the home. They assisted their husbands in receiving foreign dignitaries and advancing certain policies. Women of the upper classes knew a similar lifestyle but might have taken more time caring for the children, while in the lower classes, the care of the home and children were wholly the woman's responsibility.</p>
<p>Marriages in ancient Egypt were more of a secular than religious affair. Most marriages, in any of the classes, were arranged by the parents. Girls were usually married around the age of 12 and boys around age 15. Royal children were often betrothed to those of foreign kings to seal treaties when they were little more than infants, though it was forbidden for women to leave Egypt as brides for foreign rulers since it was thought they would not be happy outside of their own land. Since Egypt was the best of all places, it was considered disrespectful to a young woman to send her off to some lesser place. It was perfectly acceptable for foreign-born women to come to Egypt as brides, however. Once in Egypt, these women were accorded the same respect as natives. Women of all social classes were considered on par with their husbands, even though the man was considered the head of the household. Nardo notes:</p>
<blockquote><p>Upper-class husbands and wives dined, held parties, and went hunting together, while both well-to-do and poorer women shared many legal rights with men. In fact, ancient Egyptian women seem to have enjoyed more freedom in their private lives than women in most other ancient societies, even if men made most of the really important decisions. Egyptian men benefitted from positive, loving relationships as much as their wives did. (23)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Although the wives of farmers did not go out to the fields with their husbands (for the most part), they still had plenty of work to do keeping the house clean, tending to any animals not used in plowing, administering to the needs of the elderly in the family, and raising the children. Women and children also would tend the family garden, which was an important resource for any family. Cleanliness was an important value of the Egyptians, and one's person and home needed to reflect that. Women and men of all classes bathed frequently (priests more than any other profession) and shaved their heads to prevent lice and cut down on maintenance. When an occasion called for it, they wore wigs. Men and women also both wore makeup, especially kohl under the eyes, to help with the sun's glare and keep the skin soft. Tomb inscriptions and paintings also often show men and women plowing and harvesting in the fields together or building a home.</p>
<p>The life of the ancient Egyptians was hardly all work, however. They found plenty of time to enjoy themselves through sports, board games, and other activities. Ancient Egyptian sports included hockey, handball, archery, swimming, tug of <a href="https://www.ancient.eu/war/">war</a>, gymnastics, rowing, and a sport known as 'water<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Jousting/">jousting</a>,' which was a sea <a href="https://www.ancient.eu/battle/">battle</a> played in small boats on the Nile River in which a 'jouster' tried to knock the other out of his boat while a second team member maneuvered the craft. Children were taught to swim at an early age, and swimming was among the most popular sports, which gave rise to other water games. The board game of Senet was extremely popular, representing one's journey through life to eternity.<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Music/">Music</a>, dance, choreographed gymnastics, and wrestling were also popular, and among the upper classes, hunting large or small game was a favorite pastime.</p>
<p></p>
<a href="https://www.ancient.eu/image/5697/game-of-senet/" title="Game of Senet"><source type="image/webp"></source><source type="image/jpeg"></source><img src="https://www.ancient.eu/img/r/p/500x600/5697.jpg?v=1569515635" alt="Game of Senet" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="332"/></a><br />
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<div class="figtitle">Game of Senet</div>
<div class="figauthor">by Tjflex2 (CC BY-NC-ND)</div>
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<p></p>
<p>There was also a sport called 'shooting the rapids,' which is described by the Roman playwright Seneca the Younger (1st century CE) who lived in Egypt:</p>
<blockquote><p>The people embark on small boats, two to a boat, and one rows while the other bails out water. Then they are violently tossed about in the raging rapids. At length they reach the narrowest channels and, swept along by the whole force of the river, they control the rushing boat by hand and plunge head downward to the great terror of the onlookers. You would believe sorrowfully that by now they were drowned and overwhelmed by such a mass of water when, far from the place where they fell, they shoot out as from a catapult, still sailing, and the subsiding wave does not submerge them but carries them on to smooth waters. (cited in Nardo, 20)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>After or even during such events, spectators enjoyed their favorite beverage: beer. The favored recipe most often consumed was<span> </span><em>Heqet<span> </span></em>(also given as Hecht), a honey-flavored beer similar to, but lighter than, the later mead of<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/europe/">Europe</a>. There were many kinds of beer (generally known as<span> </span><em>zytum</em>), and it was frequently prescribed as a medicine as it made the heart lighter and improved one's spirits. Beer was brewed commercially and at home and was especially enjoyed at the many festivals the Egyptians celebrated.</p>
<h3>Festivals, Food & Clothing</h3>
<p>All of the Egyptian gods had birthdays which needed to be celebrated, and then there were individual birthdays, the anniversaries of great deeds of the king, observances of acts of the gods in human history, and also funerals, wakes, house-warming events, and births. All of these and more were celebrated with a party or a festival.</p>
<p>The festivals of ancient Egypt were each unique in character depending on the nature of the event, but all had in common drinking and feasting. The Egyptian diet was mainly vegetarian and consisted of grains (wheat) and vegetables. Meat was very expensive, and usually only royalty was able to afford it. Meat was also difficult to keep in the arid Egyptian climate, and so animals who were ritually slaughtered had to be used quickly.</p>
<p>Festivals were the perfect opportunity for indulging in every kind of excess, including meat eating for those who chose to do so, though self-indulgence was not appropriate at every gathering. Each celebration or commemoration had its own unique characteristics as historian Margaret Bunson explains:</p>
<blockquote><p>The Beautiful Feast of the Valley, in honor of the god Amun, held in Thebes, was celebrated with a procession of the barks of the gods, with music and flowers. The Feast of<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Hathor/">Hathor</a>, celebrated at Dendera, was a time of pleasure and intoxication, in keeping with the myths of the goddesses' cult. The feast of the goddess Isis at Busiris and the celebration honoring<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Bastet/">Bastet</a><span> </span>at Bubastis were also times of revelry and intoxication. (91)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>These festivals were "normally religious in nature and held in conjunction with the lunar calendar in temples" but could also "commemorate certain specific events in the daily lives of the people" (Bunson, 90). At funerals, as one would expect, people dressed in respectful black (though the priests usually wore white) while at birthdays or other celebrations one wore whatever one pleased. At the Festival of Bastet, women wore nothing but a short kilt which they often raised in honor of the goddess.</p>
<p>Clothing in ancient Egypt was linen woven from cotton. In the Predynastic and<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Early_Dynastic/">Early Dynastic</a><span> </span>Periods, women and men both wore simple linen kilts. Children went naked from birth until around the age of ten. Bunson notes that "In time women wore an empire-type long skirt that hung just below their uncovered breasts. Men kept to the simple kilts. These could be dyed in exotic colors or designs although white was probably the color used in religious rituals or court events"(67). By the time of the New Kingdom women wore linen dresses which covered their breasts and went to their ankles while men wore the short kilt and sometimes a loose shirt. Lower-class women, female slaves, and female servants are often shown wearing only a kilt through the New Kingdom period. At this same time, royal or noble women are shown wearing form-fitting dresses from the shoulder to the ankles and men are seen in sheer blouses and skirts. In the colder weather of the rainy season, cloaks and shawls were used.</p>
<p>Most people, of every social class, went barefoot in emulation of the gods who had no need for footwear. On special occasions, or when someone was going on a long journey or to a place where they might injure their feet or in colder weather, they wore sandals. The cheapest sandals were made of woven rushes while the most expensive were of leather or painted wood. Sandals do not seem to have a great deal of importance to the Egyptians until the Middle and New Kingdoms when they came to be seen as status symbols. A person who could afford good sandals was obviously doing well while the poorest people went barefoot. These sandals were often painted or decorated with images which could be quite elaborate.</p>
<p>At festival times - and there were many of them throughout the Egyptian year - the clothing of the priests was white, but people could wear anything they wanted or almost nothing at all. The Egyptians wanted to live life to its fullest, to experience all their time on earth had to give, and looked forward to its continuance after death.</p>
<p></p>
<a href="https://www.ancient.eu/image/5216/male-egyptian-mummy-with-amulets/" title="Male Egyptian Mummy with Amulets"><source type="image/webp"></source><source type="image/jpeg"></source><img src="https://www.ancient.eu/img/r/p/500x600/5216.jpg?v=1569515271" alt="Male Egyptian Mummy with Amulets" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="265"/></a><br />
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<div class="figtitle">Male Egyptian Mummy with Amulets</div>
<div class="figauthor">by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin (CC BY-NC-SA)</div>
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<br />
<p></p>
<p>One's earthly life was only a part of an eternal journey, and one's death was seen as a transition from one phase to the next. A proper burial was of the utmost importance to the ancient Egyptians of every class. The body of the deceased was washed, dressed in wrappings (mummified), and buried with those objects which they would want or need in the afterlife. The more money one had, of course, the more elaborate one's tomb and<span> </span><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/Grave/">grave</a><span> </span>goods, but even the poorest people provided proper graves for their loved ones. Without a proper burial one could not hope to move on to the Hall of Truth and pass the judgment of Osiris. Further, if a family did not honor the dead properly at death, they were almost guaranteeing the return of that person's spirit, which would haunt them and cause all manner of trouble. Honoring the dead meant not only paying respects to that individual but to the individual's contributions and achievements in life, all of which were made possible by the goodness of the gods.</p>
<p>Living with mindfulness of kindness, harmony, balance, and gratitude toward the gods, they hoped to find their hearts lighter than the feather of truth when they came to stand in judgment before Osiris after death. Once they had been justified, they would pass on to an eternity of the very daily life they had left behind when they died. Everything in their lives which seemed lost at death was returned in the afterlife. Their emphasis, in every aspect of their lives, was to create a life worth living for an eternity. No doubt many individuals often failed at this, but the ideal was one worth striving for and imbued the daily lives of the ancient Egyptians with a meaning and purpose which infused and inspired their impressive culture. </p>
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<div class="editorial_review_notice"><span class="editorial_review_header">EDITORIAL REVIEW</span>This article has been reviewed for accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards prior to publication.</div>
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<li id="reference_9959"><a href="https://www.ancient.eu/books/1601526385/">Nardo, D.<span> </span><i>Living in Ancient Egypt.</i><span> </span>Thompson/Gale, 2004.</a></li>
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